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João Penedones

Publications and source records attributed to João Penedones.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

Locality constraints in AdS$_2$ without parity

We study bulk locality constraints in quantum field theories in AdS$_2$. The known derivation of locality sum rules in AdS$_{d+1}$ does not apply for $d=1$ due to the different singularity structure of the conformal blocks and the inequivalence of operator orderings on the boundary. Assuming unitarity and a mild growth condition, we establish power-law bounds for correlators, derive dispersion relations and an expansion in terms of ``even'' and ``odd'' local blocks that converges in the entire AdS$_2$. These yield two novel families of symmetric and antisymmetric locality sum rules. We test these sum rules explicitly in the free scalar field theory.

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Einstein gravity from a matrix integral -- Part I

We construct backreacted geometries dual to the supersymmetric mass deformation of the IKKT matrix model. They are Euclidean type IIB supergravity solutions given in terms of an electrostatic potential, having $SO(7)\times SO(3)$ isometry and 16 supersymmetries. Quantizing the fluxes, we find that the supergravity solutions are in one-to-one correspondence with fuzzy sphere vacua of the matrix model.

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Trace Anomalies and the Graviton-Dilaton Amplitude

We consider 3+1 dimensional Quantum Field Theories (QFTs) coupled to the dilaton and the graviton. We show that the graviton-dilaton scattering amplitude receives a universal contribution which is helicity flipping and is proportional to $Δc-Δa$ along any RG flow, where $Δc$ and $Δa$ are the differences of the UV and IR $c$- and $a$-trace anomalies respectively. This allows us to relate $Δc-Δa$ to spinning massive states in the spectrum of the QFT. We test our predictions in two simple examples: in the theory of a massive free scalar and in the theory of a massive Dirac fermion (a more complicated example is provided in a companion paper [1]). We discuss possible applications.

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Gravity from quantum mechanics of finite matrices

We revisit the Berenstein-Maldacena-Nastase (BMN) conjecture relating M-theory on a PP-wave background and Matrix Quantum Mechanics (MQM) of $N\times N$ matrices. In particular, we study the BMN MQM at strong coupling and finite $N$ and derive an effective Hamiltonian that describes non-relativistic free particles in a harmonic trap. The energy spectrum predicted by this Hamiltonian matches the supergravity excitation spectrum around the PP-wave background, if we further assume the existence of bound states. Our derivation is based on the strong coupling expansion of the wavefunction and supersedes the naive path integral approach that can lead to incorrect results, as we demonstrate in a simple toy model. We conclude with open questions about various regimes of the theory when we vary the size of the matrices, the coupling and the temperature.

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Bootstrapping the $a$-anomaly in $4d$ QFTs

We study gapped 4d quantum field theories (QFTs) obtained from a relevant deformation of a UV conformal field theory (CFT). For simplicity, we assume the existence of a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry and a single $\mathbb{Z}_2$-odd stable particle and no $\mathbb{Z}_2$-even particles at low energies. Using unitarity, crossing and the assumption of maximal analyticity we compute numerically a lower bound on the value of the $a$-anomaly of the UV CFT as a function of various non-perturbative parameters describing the two-to-two scattering amplitude of the particle.

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Bounds on photon scattering

We study 2-to-2 scattering amplitudes of massless spin one particles in $d=4$ space-time dimensions, like real world photons. We define a set of non-perturbative observables (Wilson coefficients) which describe these amplitudes at low energies. We use full non-linear unitarity to construct various novel numerical bounds on these observables. For completeness, we also rederive some bounds using positivity only. We discover and explain why some of these Wilson coefficients cannot be bounded.

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Towards the non-perturbative cosmological bootstrap

We study quantum field theory on a de Sitter spacetime dS$_{d+1}$ background. Our main tool is the Hilbert space decomposition in irreducible unitary representations of its isometry group $SO(d+1,1)$. As the first application of the Hilbert space formalism, we recover the Källen-Lehmann spectral decomposition of the scalar bulk two-point function. In the process, we exhibit a relation between poles in the corresponding spectral densities and the boundary CFT data. Moreover, we derive an inversion formula for the spectral density through analytical continuation from the sphere and use it to find the spectral decompisiton for a few examples. Next, we study the conformal partial wave decomposition of the four-point functions of boundary operators. These correlation functions are very similar to the ones of standard conformal field theory, but have different positivity properties that follow from unitarity in de Sitter. We conclude by proposing a non-perturbative conformal bootstrap approach to the study of these late-time four-point functions, and we illustrate our proposal with a concrete example for QFT in dS$_2$.

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Searching for continuous phase transitions in 5D SU(2) lattice gauge theory

We study the phase diagram of 5-dimensional $SU(2)$ Yang-Mills theory on the lattice. We consider two extensions of the fundamental plaquette Wilson action in the search for the continuous phase transition suggested by the $4+ε$ expansion. The extensions correspond to new terms in the action: i) a unit size plaquette in the adjoint representation or ii) a two-unit sided square plaquette in the fundamental representation. We use Monte Carlo to sample the first and second derivative of the entropy near the confinement phase transition, with lattices up to $12^{5}$. While we exclude the presence of a second order phase transition in the parameter space we sampled for model i), our data is not conclusive in some regions of the parameter space of model ii).

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Towards Bootstrapping RG flows: Sine-Gordon in AdS

The boundary correlation functions for a Quantum Field Theory (QFT) in an Anti-de Sitter (AdS) background can stay conformally covariant even if the bulk theory undergoes a renormalization group (RG) flow. Studying such correlation functions with the numerical conformal bootstrap leads to non-perturbative constraints that must hold along the entire flow. In this paper we carry out this analysis for the sine-Gordon RG flows in AdS$_2$, which start with a free (compact) scalar in the UV and end with well-known massive integrable theories that saturate many S-matrix bootstrap bounds. We numerically analyze the correlation functions of both breathers and kinks and provide a detailed comparison with perturbation theory near the UV fixed point. Our bounds are often saturated to one or two orders in perturbation theory, as well as in the flat-space limit, but not necessarily in between.

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Bounds for OPE coefficients on the Regge trajectory

We consider the Regge limit of the CFT correlation functions $\langle {\cal J} {\cal J} {\cal O}{\cal O}\rangle$ and $\langle TT {\cal O}{\cal O}\rangle$, where ${\cal J}$ is a vector current, $T$ is the stress tensor and ${\cal O}$ is some scalar operator. These correlation functions are related by a type of Fourier transform to the AdS phase shift of the dual 2-to-2 scattering process. AdS unitarity was conjectured some time ago to be positivity of the imaginary part of this bulk phase shift. This condition was recently proved using purely CFT arguments. For large $N$ CFTs we further expand on these ideas, by considering the phase shift in the Regge limit, which is dominated by the leading Regge pole with spin $j(ν)$, where $ν$ is a spectral parameter. We compute the phase shift as a function of the bulk impact parameter, and then use AdS unitarity to impose bounds on the analytically continued OPE coefficients $C_{{\cal J}{\cal J}j(ν)}$ and $C_{TTj(ν)}$ that describe the coupling to the leading Regge trajectory of the current ${\cal J}$ and stress tensor $T$. AdS unitarity implies that the OPE coefficients associated to non-minimal couplings of the bulk theory vanish at the intercept value $ν=0$, for any CFT. Focusing on the case of large gap theories, this result can be used to show that the physical OPE coefficients $C_{{\cal J}{\cal J}T}$ and $C_{TTT}$, associated to non-minimal bulk couplings, scale with the gap $Δ_g$ as $Δ_g^{-2}$ or $Δ_g^{-4}$. Also, looking directly at the unitarity condition imposed at the OPE coefficients $C_{{\cal J}{\cal J}T}$ and $C_{TTT}$ results precisely in the known conformal collider bounds, giving a new CFT derivation of these bounds. We finish with remarks on finite $N$ theories and show directly in the CFT that the spin function $j(ν)$ is convex, extending this property to the continuation to complex spin.

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Radial expansion for spinning conformal blocks

This paper develops a method to compute any bosonic conformal block as a series expansion in the optimal radial coordinate introduced by Hogervorst and Rychkov. The method reduces to the known result when the external operators are all the same scalar operator, but it allows to compute conformal blocks for external operators with spin. Moreover, we explain how to write closed form recursion relations for the coefficients of the expansions. We study three examples of four point functions in detail: one vector and three scalars; two vectors and two scalars; two spin 2 tensors and two scalars. Finally, for the case of two external vectors, we also provide a more efficient way to generate the series expansion using the analytic structure of the blocks as a function of the scaling dimension of the exchanged operator.

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Projectors and seed conformal blocks for traceless mixed-symmetry tensors

In this paper we derive the projectors to all irreducible SO(d) representations (traceless mixed-symmetry tensors) that appear in the partial wave decomposition of a conformal correlator of four stress-tensors in d dimensions. These projectors are given in a closed form for arbitrary length $l_1$ of the first row of the Young diagram. The appearance of Gegenbauer polynomials leads directly to recursion relations in $l_1$ for seed conformal blocks. Further results include a differential operator that generates the projectors to traceless mixed-symmetry tensors and the general normalization constant of the shadow operator.

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Recursion Relations for Conformal Blocks

In the context of conformal field theories in general space-time dimension, we find all the possible singularities of the conformal blocks as functions of the scaling dimension $Δ$ of the exchanged operator. In particular, we argue, using representation theory of parabolic Verma modules, that in odd spacetime dimension the singularities are only simple poles. We discuss how to use this information to write recursion relations that determine the conformal blocks. We first recover the recursion relation introduced in 1307.6856 for conformal blocks of external scalar operators. We then generalize this recursion relation for the conformal blocks associated to the four point function of three scalar and one vector operator. Finally we specialize to the case in which the vector operator is a conserved current.

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Polarised Black Holes in AdS

We consider solutions in Einstein-Maxwell theory with a negative cosmological constant that asymptote to global $AdS_{4}$ with conformal boundary $S^{2}\times\mathbb{R}_{t}$. At the sphere at infinity we turn on a space-dependent electrostatic potential, which does not destroy the asymptotic $AdS$ behaviour. For simplicity we focus on the case of a dipolar electrostatic potential. We find two new geometries: (i) an $AdS$ soliton that includes the full backreaction of the electric field on the $AdS$ geometry; (ii) a polarised neutral black hole that is deformed by the electric field, accumulating opposite charges in each hemisphere. For both geometries we study boundary data such as the charge density and the stress tensor. For the black hole we also study the horizon charge density and area, and further verify a Smarr formula. Then we consider this system at finite temperature and compute the Gibbs free energy for both $AdS$ soliton and black hole phases. The corresponding phase diagram generalizes the Hawking-Page phase transition. The $AdS$ soliton dominates the low temperature phase and the black hole the high temperature phase, with a critical temperature that decreases as the external electric field increases. Finally, we consider the simple case of a free charged scalar field on $S^{2}\times\mathbb{R}_{t}$ with conformal coupling. For a field in the $SU(N)$ adjoint representation we compare the phase diagram with the above gravitational system.

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Factorization of Mellin amplitudes

We introduce Mellin amplitudes for correlation functions of $k$ scalar operators and one operator with spin in conformal field theories (CFT) in general dimension. We show that Mellin amplitudes for scalar operators have simple poles with residues that factorize in terms of lower point Mellin amplitudes, similarly to what happens for scattering amplitudes in flat space. Finally, we study the flat space limit of Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space, in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence, and generalize a formula relating CFT Mellin amplitudes to scattering amplitudes of the bulk theory, including particles with spin.

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