arXiv subjects

Joel M. Williams

Publications and source records attributed to Joel M. Williams.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2001

Modeling the MCAS Way

The spdf-based orbital theory is a sophism. Things must be declared "different" at the electronic level to renounce classical physics. This paper shows that classical physics still operates at the electronic level! Electron particles are always there. Mass-to-wave/energy conversion and its reversal (duality) on-demand does not actually exist - a ruse that cloaks the negative-negative waive. There is no electron spin-reversal - a gimmick with "nmls" not even consistent orthogonality. The MCAS Way describes the behavior of electrons while preserving their wholeness, mutual orthogonality, and interactive adaptivity. Electrostatics of some simple molecules modeled the MCAS Way are presented. The orbital extent of an electron is shown to be finite while its electrostatic presence stretches to infinity. Electrons hardly ever occupy the region on the axis between two nuclei of a molecule. Excellent correspondence of NMR proton shift with the magnitude of the electrostatic field at the proton is found. Wholly integer quantum numbers identify the orbital spaces of an atom. Electrons do not have quantum numbers! The electron of the hydrogen atom is assigned the 11111 orbital; those of helium are in the 11111 and 11-111 orbitals; and so on. Unlike the static spdf designation, an electron moves to a different type orbital with sufficient electron loading of a shell! A quantum theory does not need duality! The current one, however, needs a different base model to treat particulates. Bimolecular substitution reactions are shown to be path-dependent with an electron transferred in the Transition State. Traditional microscopic reversibility is trashed.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2000

The MCAS Way

The MCAS Way extends the MCAS concept of atomic orbitals to molecular bonding. There are many examples given for each bonding type. Part I: The MCAS atomic orbital concept. There are no spherical orbitals and spin pairing does not occur through spin reversal. Quantum numbers do not validate coexistence in identical space. Part II: Single bonds. There are no sigma-bonds wherein two electrons occupy identical space on a line between nuclei; only off-axis (Xi) bonding. Covalent bonding is purely electrostatic; just like ionic bonding. Part III: Triple bonds. There are no Pi-bonds in a triple bond. Part IV: Simple double bonds. There are no sigma bonds; only Pi| and Pi_ bonds. Part V: Multiple bonds. The traditional Pi-cloud is only a group of reciprocating, vertically pumping, electron pistons. Electrons conjugate by flowing around nuclei in the nuclear plane. Atoms adopt a twelve-lobed (T12) orbital arrangement for multiple bonding. Aromaticity is defined by 2(2n+1), not (4n+2). Part VI: Miscellaneous compounds. Isoelectronic XO3, phosphorous and its oxides, and boranes.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1999

A Bit too Far

In the particle in the box problem, the particle is not in both boxes at the same time as some would have you believe. It is a set definition situation with the two boxes being part of a set that also contains a particle. Set and subset differences are explored. Atomic electron orbitals can be mimicked by roulette wheel probability; thus ELECTRONIC ROULETTE. 0 and 00 serve as boundary limits and are on opposite sides of the central core - a point that quantum physics ignores. Considering a stray marble on the floor as part of the roulette wheel menage is taking assumptions a bit too far. Likewise, the attraction between a positive and negative charge at distance does not make the negative charge part of the positive charge's orbital system. This, of course, is contrary to the stance of current quantum physics methodology that carries this orbital association a bit too far.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1999

The Binary Mole

Avogadro's number is a count of a definite number of things and, therefore, must be an integer and not a floating point number. Arguments are given herein that this integer should be precisely 2E79 - that is, N_o = 2E79 = 6.04 462 909 107 318 607 353 088 E23; hence, the binary mole.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1999

The 4th State of Matter: The Delta State

The corresponding states principle is an important concept wherein materials are interrelated. The base state of this principle, however, currently has no specific physical reality. Instead, it is a definition: a set of conditions at which the gas state reaches its maximum compression and liquid can not longer form; namely, the critical point. This article shows that a discrete, real-life, 3-D, base state is consistent with published and new experimental data. The mathematical analyses were conducted in the same manner for all the materials using literature data, a simple, consistent liquid state model and a simple, physically definable, cluster state model at the critical point. The base state described herein has molecules traveling together in well-defined small-hard or large-soft clusters. These clusters are dubbed the DELTA state since they occur almost exclusively in tetrahedral groups of four. From this straightforward, mathematical and intuitive methodology, the DELTA state emerged as the fourth state of matter: the base state of the corresponding states. As a result, the universal gas law requires inclusion of the DELTA state with the monomer state to be accurate. The critical point is the point at which liquid ceases to form. It is also the point at which only the DELTA state exists. Hence, the critical point is more appropriately called the DELTA POINT.

physics.gen-ph↗