The EP Model with U(1) (E5)
Here we add a U(1) gauge theory to the simple EP exotic invariant model in the paper E4. This paper E5 is the fifth in a series of papers En.
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arXiv subjects
John A. Dixon
Publications and source records attributed to John A. Dixon.
The simplest Exotic Invariant (E3)
This paper E3 shows how to construct the simplest Exotic Invariant in the simplest way.
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The Free Massive Quadratic Action from the Exotic Model (E7)
The Exotic Model arises from adding a special exotic invariant to the Supersymmetric Standard Model. The Exotic Model has a supersymmetry violating mass spectrum without using spontaneous or explicit breaking of supersymmetry. The splitting arises with gauge symmetry breaking, at tree level, in the supermultiplets of the Z vector boson and a new X vector boson. It spreads to the other particles at one loop. This mass splitting is possible because the exotic invariant changes the algebra of supersymmetry. This paper E7 discusses a number of issues that arise in the calculation of the mass splitting of the Exotic Model. That mass splitting will require computer programs for solution.
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The Supersymmetric Standard Model, combined with a special Exotic Invariant, yields a new kind of SUSY mass splitting (E6)
Exotic Invariants, with Lorentz invariance, have been found in the BRS cohomology of SUSY in 3+1 dimensions. Until recently, it was generally accepted that no such objects could exist. It is shown here that the Supersymmetric Standard Model (``the SSM'') can be coupled to a special Exotic Invariant to form a new model, which we call the Exotic Model (``the XM'') . This Exotic Model continues to generate the usual Vacuum Expectation Value (``VEV'') that breaks gauge symmetry from SU(3) X SU(2) X U(1) to SU(3) X U(1) But now, from the same VEV, the Exotic Model also generates SUSY violating mass splitting of the neutral ``ZX'' sector at tree level. This is possible because the Exotic Model changes the algebra of SUSY. This ``ZX'' sector is flavour neutral, which might explain the suppression of flavour changing neutral currents observed in experiments. The Exotic Model is governed by a very restrictive Master Equation, so there should be a very small number of parameters in it.
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The BRS Cohomology of the Wess Zumino Chiral Scalar supersymmetric model with exotic pairs and exotic triplets (E2)
Using the spectral sequence method, this paper advances some of the construction of the BRS cohomology of the Wess Zumino supersymmetric action. An important missing part was the inclusion of the sources for the variations of the fields. In this paper, these sources are called pseudofields. Since the most interesting part of the result contains unsaturated spinor indices, we include a constant spinor to saturate those indices. At dimension zero, this gives rise to a new set of invariants and a closely related new set of possible supersymmetry anomalies in the theory, and we call this an `exotic pair'. At dimension one, this becomes more complicated, and the theory adds a new ghost charge - 1 term, which we call a change, and we call this an `exotic triplet'. For higher dimension and higher spin, it appears that more complications are likely to occur. These exotic pairs and triplets are constrained by some simple equations which arise from the spectral sequence. The invariants of the exotic pairs are all dependent on the pseudofields, which means that the field parts of these invariants are not supersymmetric, though the invariants are in the cohomology space of supersymmetry. In this paper we examine the BRS cohomology for low spins and low dimensions.
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Supersymmetry anomalies, exotic pairs and the supersymmetric standard model
For 34 years it has been known that chiral supersymmetry (SUSY) in 3+1 dimensions has a very large Becchi-Rouet-Stora (BRS) cohomology space at ghost charge one. This suggests that there might be corresponding SUSY anomalies coming from linearly divergent, triangle, Feynman diagrams. This paper discusses some progress and some outstanding issues related to these questions. The concept of exotic pairs is introduced, with an example from the massless supersymmetric standard model.
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The 1.5 Order Formalism does not Generate a Valid BRS Transformation for Supergravity
The 1.5 order formalism (sometimes called a `trick') is the cornerstone of modern supergravity. In this paper, the free massive Wess--Zumino theory is used as a simple toy model to look at the BRS symmetry of the first, second and 1.5 order formalisms. This easily shows that the 1.5 order formalism is flawed for all theories. The 1.5 algebra naively appears to close. However, when it is analyzed in detail, in a simple model, where easy calculations are available, the 1.5 formalism always generates an invalid BRS operator, which is not even nilpotent. This clearly is also the case for supergravity. It follows that a revised and completed set of nilpotent first order supergravity transformations is needed to properly understand 3+1 dimensional supergravity. Such a set seems easy to write down, by simply adding two more auxiliary fields so that the spin connection becomes part of a super--YM multiplet.
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A Candidate for a Supergravity Anomaly
Using elementary BRS cohomology theory, this paper describes a supergravity anomaly analogous to, but very different from, the well known gauge and gravitational anomalies. It closely resembles the known gauge anomalies, but it results from a triangle diagram with two gravitinos and a gauge vector boson, rather than three gauge vector bosons, or two gravitons and a vector boson. A model that is likely to generate this supergravity anomaly is described. The coefficient of this anomaly, in perturbation theory, in a theory with unbroken supersymmetry, appears to be zero, because no relevant diagrams are linearly divergent. However, when, and only when, the theory has spontaneously broken supergravity, there are counterterms in the action which contribute to linearly divergent diagrams that can generate the anomaly. From the relevant Feynman diagrams in the theory, the general form of the anomaly can be conjectured. It is proportional to the VEV $\left< D^a \right>$ of the auxiliary field for the vector boson. So removing the anomaly generates a requirement that the effective spontaneous breaking of supergravity needs to be of the purely chiral type with $\left< F^i \right> \not = 0$ and with $\left< D^a \right>=0$.
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Frozen SUSY with Susyons as the Dark Matter
Frozen SUSY is the maximally suppressed Supersymmetric SU(5) Grand Unified Theory coupled to Supergravity. In Frozen SUSY, there is only one extra particle in addition to those that appear in the usual non-supersymmetric SU(5) Grand Unified Theory coupled to gravity. Frozen SUSY also restricts and improves the mass predictions, and the cosmological constant (at tree level). As a result, it uses 4 parameters to generate 14 reasonable predicted masses. The one extra particle is an extremely massive gravitino, which we call the Susyon. In Frozen SUSY, the Susyon is stable and it interacts purely through gravity. The Susyon might be a viable candidate for dark matter.
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The Basic Mechanism for Suppressed SUSY
Suppressed SUSY is a new mechanism for `breaking SUSY'. It requires Supergravity. It is independent of and very different from spontaneous or explicit SUSY breaking. A recent paper illustrates some of its results. In this paper, the basic mechanism of Suppressed SUSY is explained in a simple SU(5) Yang Mills Theory, with a special set of Scalars. Supersymmetry is not needed for this limited purpose.
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Suppressed SUSY for the SU(5) Grand Unified Supergravity Theory
This paper starts with the most basic SU(5) Grand Unified Theory, coupled to Supergravity. Then it builds a new theory, incorporating the ideas of Suppressed SUSY. Suppressed SUSY is an alternative to the spontaneous breaking of SUSY. It does not need an invisible sector or explicit soft breaking of SUSY. It varies the content of the supermultiplets while keeping the restrictive nature of SUSY. For the simple model and sector constructed here, Suppressed SUSY has only three dimensionless parameters, plus the Planck mass. At tree level, this predicts a set of 8 different new masses, along with a cosmological constant that is naturally zero. The X and Y vector bosons get Planck scale masses $2 \sqrt{10} g_5 M_{\rm P}$. The five scalar multiplets that accompany the Higgs, and the Gravitino, all get colossally huge `SuperPlanck' scale masses of order $M_{\rm SP} \approx 10^{17} M_{\rm P}$ from a see-saw mechanism that arises from the theory. This new mass spectrum, the well-known $SU(5)$ weak angle problem, and the cosmological constant value, should serve as guides for further modifications for the new Action.
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An Extraordinary Mass Invariant and an Obstruction in a Massive Superspin One Half Model made with a Chiral Dotted Spinor Superfield
An earlier paper introduced an action for a new kind of irreducible massive superspin one half multiplet, using BRST cohomological techniques including `BRST Recycling'. A mass term was introduced in the earlier paper. A second mass term is discussed in this paper. This new mass invariant is an `Extraordinary Invariant'--it has Zinn sources in it. The natural treatment for this situation is to `Complete the Action' so that the new action yields zero for the BRST Poisson Bracket. In the present case, this Completion meets a BRST Obstruction. Setting the coefficient of this `Completion Obstruction' to zero restores the massive superspin one half supermultiplet with a new mass made from the two mass terms. Usually an Obstruction appears as an Anomaly at one loop perturbation theory, but this is a different mechanism to produce it.
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SUSY Invariants from the BRST Cohomology of the SOSO Model
The SOSO action is an irreducible action for a complex massive superspin one half representation of SUSY, made from spin one half superfields. The theory requires `BRST recycling' to find appropriate nilpotent BRST transformations. A superfield treatment is probably not available, which means that mass terms, possible anomalies, and couplings to other representations, are all to be found using BRST cohomology. In two earlier papers two mass terms and a potential anomaly were examined, without explaining how they arose from the BRST cohomology. This paper is designed to fill that gap in the theory.
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An Irreducible Massive Superspin One Half Action Built From the Chiral Dotted Spinor Superfield
Although the chiral dotted spinor superfield should describe a Massive Superspin One Half multiplet, it has not been obvious how to derive this from an action. In this paper this is done by including a chiral undotted spinor superfield, finding the BRST transformations that govern both of these, and then finding the action as an invariant of the transformations. It turns out that both kinds of spinor superfields are needed. Moreover, the BRST transformations for the two kinds of chiral spinor superfields are generated from each other by a special involution that exchanges Grassmann odd (even) sources with Grassmann even (odd) fields.
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Supersymmetry Breaks Itself for Quarks and Leptons in the SUSY Standard Model
Models like the Supersymmetric Standard Model (SSM) possess simple, but well-hidden, `Outfields'. These Outfields are composite operators that violate superspace invariance, but in a special way. A new mechanism for SUSY breaking arises from the Outfields, for a special non-minimal version of the SSM, which will be called the CSSM. The CSSM has right neutrinos and a Higgs singlet, which we call J, in addition to the usual SSM. This breaking of SUSY cannot be avoided, because it arises from the local BRST cohomology of the theory, which is also the origin of the Outfields. It can also be seen that the Weak SU(2) group, and the well-known remarkable set of doublets and singlets for the Quarks, Leptons and Higgs, have a raison d'etre which relates to this mechanism. The SUSY breaking here depends on only one parameter, which is the VEV that breaks SU(2) X U(1) to U(1). SUSY itself is not spontaneously broken here, so the vacuum energy remains zero after SUSY breaking. The resulting predictions for SUSY breaking are very constrained by the model.
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SUSY Jumps Out of Superspace in the Supersymmetric Standard Model
The supersymmetric standard model (SSM) appears to be firmly grounded in superspace. For example, it would be natural to assume that all the physically important composite operators can be made by combining superfields and superspace derivatives. But even for the simplest possible, free, massless and unbroken SUSY theory in 3+1 dimensions, this is not true. This paper shows that there is a large set of physically important composite operators in the SSM that require explicit factors of the Grassmann odd `$θ$' parameters of superspace. These explicitly break superspace invariance. These composite operators will be called `Outfields', because they are intrinsically `outside' of superspace. It is not possible to write the Outfields using only superfields and superspace derivatives. The Outfields can be found in the BRST cohomology space of the theory. The calculation of the BRST cohomology space for these theories is performed in this paper using a spectral sequence analysis, starting with the free massless theory, and then adding interactions, and then masses.
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A Note on Symmetric Mass and Interaction Terms for Weyl Spinors and SUSY
One can always write the mass matrix for Weyl spinors so that it is symmetric. However this is often not a good idea. It is usually incompatible with irreducibility of the fermion representations. As a result, a symmetrized mass term hides important symmetries and creates misleading difficulties that are not genuinely part of the theory. This is true for the Standard Model for example, and for its supersymmetric versions. There is a related subtlety, involving symmetrization of the interaction terms, that is central to the SUSY breaking mechanism of Cybersusy.
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CYBERSUSY: A new mechanism for supersymmetry breaking in models like the supersymmetric standard model (SSM)
The SUSY breaking in Cybersusy is proportional to the VEV that breaks the gauge symmetry SU(2) X U(1) down to U(1), and it is rather specific to models like the SSM. Assuming full breaking, as explained below, for the leptons, Cybersusy predicts a spectrum of SUSY breaking that is in accord with experimental results so far. In particular, for the choice of parameters below, Cybersusy predicts that the lowest mass superpartner for the charged leptons is a charged vector boson lepton (the Velectron), which has a mass of 316 Gev . The Selectron has a mass of 771 Gev for that choice of parameters. The theory also leads to a zero cosmological constant after SUSY breaking. The mechanism generates equations that restrict models like the SSM. This version of this paper incorporates recent results and changes discovered subsequent to the talk.
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