arXiv subjects

John K. Cannizzo

Publications and source records attributed to John K. Cannizzo.

26 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2005

Terrestrial Ozone Depletion Due to a Milky Way Gamma-Ray Burst

Based on cosmological rates, it is probable that at least once in the last Gy the Earth has been irradiated by a gamma-ray burst in our Galaxy from within 2 kpc. Using a two-dimensional atmospheric model we have performed the first computation of the effects upon the Earth's atmosphere of one such impulsive event. A ten second burst delivering 100 kJ/m^2 to the Earth penetrates to the stratosphere and results in globally averaged ozone depletion of 35%, with depletion reaching 55% at some latitudes. Significant global depletion persists for over 5 years after the burst. This depletion would have dramatic implications for life since a 50% decrease in ozone column density results in approximately three times the normal UVB flux. Widespread extinctions are likely, based on extrapolation from UVB sensitivity of modern organisms. Additional effects include a shot of nitrate fertilizer and NO2 opacity in the visible providing a cooling perturbation to the climate over a similar timescale. These results lend support to the hypothesis that a GRB may have initiated the late Ordovician mass extinction (Melott et al. 2004).

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arXiv2002

Ozone Depletion from Nearby Supernovae

Estimates made in the 1970's indicated that a supernova occurring within tens of parsecs of Earth could have significant effects on the ozone layer. Since that time, improved tools for detailed modeling of atmospheric chemistry have been developed to calculate ozone depletion, and advances have been made in theoretical modeling of supernovae and of the resultant gamma-ray spectra. In addition, one now has better knowledge of the occurrence rate of supernovae in the galaxy, and of the spatial distribution of progenitors to core-collapse supernovae. We report here the results of two-dimensional atmospheric model calculations that take as input the spectral energy distribution of a supernova, adopting various distances from Earth and various latitude impact angles. In separate simulations we calculate the ozone depletion due to both gamma-rays and cosmic rays. We find that for the combined ozone depletion roughly to double the ``biologically active'' UV flux received at the surface of the Earth, the supernova must occur at <8 pc. Based on the latest data, the time-averaged galactic rate of core-collapse supernovae occurring within 8 pc is ~1.5/Gyr. In comparing our calculated ozone depletions with those of previous studies, we find them to be significantly less severe than found by Ruderman (1974), and consistent with Whitten et al. (1976). In summary, given the amplitude of the effect, the rate of nearby supernovae, and the ~Gyr time scale for multicellular organisms on Earth, this particular pathway for mass extinctions may be less important than previously thought.

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arXiv2002

The October 1985 Long Outburst of U Geminorum: Revealing the Viscous Time Scale in Long Orbital Period Dwarf Novae

We examine the AAVSO light curve of U Geminorum from 1908 to 2002, with particular focus on the October 1985 outburst. This outburst was longer than any other seen in U Gem by about a factor of 2, and appears to be unique among all dwarf nova outbursts seen in systems with orbital periods longer than 3 hr in that one can measure the decay time scale during the initial slow decay. This rate is ~26+-6 d/mag. Using estimates of the rate of accretion during outburst taken from Froning et al., one can show that ~1e24 g of gas was accreted onto the white dwarf during the outburst. When coupled with the viscous time inferred from the (short orbital period) SU UMa stars, the U Gem viscous time scale lends support to the standard model in which the decays in dwarf novae can either be viscous or thermal, with the ratio between them being roughly h/r where h is the vertical pressure scale height in the disk.

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arXiv2001

The 2001 Superoutburst of WZ Sagittae: A Clue to the Dynamics of Accretion Disks

We examine the light curve of the July-August 2001 superoutburst of WZ Sagittae. During the decline from maximum light the locally defined decay time increases from ~4 d/mag to ~12 d/mag over the first ~15 d of the ~25 d superoutburst, as the system faded from m_V~8.5 to m_V~10. The superoutburst is caused by the sudden accretion of ~10^{24} g of gas onto the white dwarf, and the deviation from exponentiality in the decay light curve is expected qualitatively during a ``viscous decay'' in which the dominant mode of depletion of the gas stored in the accretion disk is accretion onto the central object. In other words, as the mass of the accretion disk decreases, the viscous time scale increases. We show that the data are also quantitatively consistent with the theoretical viscous decay time, both calculated via a simple scaling and also from time dependent calculations, when one adopts standard model parameters for WZ Sge.

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arXiv1999

Thermal Equilibrium Curves and Turbulent Mixing in Keplerian Accretion Disks

We consider vertical heat transport in Keplerian accretion disks, including the effects of radiation, convection, and turbulent mixing driven by the Balbus-Hawley instability, in astronomical systems ranging from dwarf novae (DNe), and soft X-ray transients (SXTs), to active galactic nuclei (AGN). We propose a modified, anisotropic form of mixing-length theory, which includes radiative and turbulent damping. We also include turbulent heat transport, which acts everywhere within disks, regardless of whether or not they are stably stratified, and can move entropy in either direction. We have generated a series of vertical structure models and thermal equilibrium curves using the scaling law for the viscosity parameter $α$ suggested by the exponential decay of the X-ray luminosity in SXTs. We have also included equilibrium curves for DNe using an $α$ which is constant down to a small magnetic Reynolds number ($\sim 10^4$). Our models indicate that weak convection is usually eliminated by turbulent radial mixing. The substitution of turbulent heat transport for convection is more important on the unstable branches of thermal equilibrium S-curves when $α$ is larger. The low temperature turnover points $Σ_{max}$ on the equilibrium S-curves are significantly reduced by turbulent mixing in DNe and SXT disks. However, in AGN disks the standard mixing-length theory for convection is still a useful approximation when we use the scaling law for $α$, since these disks are very thin at the relevant radii. In accordance with previous work, we find that constant $α$ models give almost vertical S-curves in the $Σ-T$ plane and consequently imply very slow, possibly oscillating, cooling waves.

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arXiv1997

The Accretion Disk Limit Cycle Mechanism in the Black Hole X-ray Binaries: Toward an Understanding of the Systematic Effects

We examine in detail several aspects of the physics of accretion disks of possible relevance to the outburst mechanism of the black hole X-ray transients. We adopt the one dimensional, time dependent model described in detail by Cannizzo, Chen, & Livio with parameters appropriate for a system such as A0620-00. We investigate (1) the effect of the grid spacing, utilizing a logarithmic radial spacing $Δr\propto r$ in addition to the spacing $Δr\propto \sqrt{r}$, (2) the dependence of the local flow speed of gas within the hot part of the disk on radius and time during the time of the cooling wave propagation, (3) the shape of the outburst light curve as a function of the triggering location for the instability, (4) the long term light curves of outbursts taken from trials in which complete cycles of quiescence and outburst are followed, both with and without including the effect of evaporation or removal of matter from the inner edge of the disk, and (5) the strength of the self-irradiation of the outer parts of the disk by the X-rays from the inner disk.

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arXiv1997

On the M_V(peak) Versus Orbital Period Relation for Dwarf Nova Outbursts

We present computations for the accretion disk limit cycle model in an attempt to explain the empirical relation for dwarf nova outbursts between the peak visual absolute magnitude and orbital period found by Warner. For longer period systems one sees intrinsically brighter outbursts. This is accounted for in the limit cycle model by the scaling with radius of the critical surface density $Σ_{max}$ which triggers the dwarf nova outbursts. During the storage phase of the instability the accretion disk mass must be less than some maximum value, a value which scales with radius and therefore orbital period. When the instability is triggered and the accumulated mass is redistributed into a quasi steady state disk in outburst, the resultant peak optical flux from the disk is a measure of the total mass which was stored in quiescence. We compute light curves for a range in outer disk radius (or equivalently, orbital period), and find that our peak values of $M_V$ are within $<1$ mag of the observed relation $M_V$(peak)$=5.64-0.259P_{orbital}$(h) for $2\la P_{orbital}$(h)$ \la 8$.

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arXiv1997

Accretion Disks in Transient Systems

I review recent advances in our understanding of accretion disks in transient systems - the dwarf novae and the soft X-ray transients. The primary theme will be the ongoing development of theory in response to the observations. The accretion disk limit cycle model appears to provide a unifying framework within which we may begin to understand what is seen in different types of interacting binary stars, and also to constrain parameters which enter into the theory.

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