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John Kormendy

Publications and source records attributed to John Kormendy.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

The Black Hole Mass and Photometric Components of NGC 4826

We present IR photometry and HST imaging and spectroscopy of Sab galaxy NGC 4826. Schwarzschild dynamical modeling is used to measure its central black hole mass $M$. Photometric decomposition is used to enable a comparison of $M$ to published scaling relations between black hole masses and properties of host bulges. This decomposition implies that NGC 4826 contains classical and pseudo bulges of approximately equal mass. The classical bulge has best-fit Sérsic index $n=3.27$. The pseudobulge is made up of three parts, an inner lens ($n=0.18$ at $r\lesssim4^{\prime\prime}$), an outer lens ($n=0.17$ at $r \lesssim 45^{\prime\prime}$), and a $n=0.58$ component required to match the surface brightness between the lens components. The total $V$-band luminosity of the galaxy is $M_{VT}=-21.07$, the ratio of classical bulge to total light is $B/T\simeq0.12$, and the ratio of pseudobulge to total light is $PB/T\simeq0.13$. The outer disk is exponential ($n=1.07$) and makes up $D/T=0.75$ of the light of the galaxy. Our best-fit Schwarzschild model has a black hole mass with $1σ$ uncertainties of $M=8.4^{+1.7}_{-0.6}\times10^6\ M_\odot$ and a stellar $K$-band mass-to-light ratio of $Υ_K=0.46\pm0.03\ M_{\odot}\ \mathrm{L}_{\odot}^{-1}$ at the assumed distance of 7.27 Mpc. Our modeling is marginally consistent with $M=0$ at the $3σ$ limit. These best-fit parameters were calculated assuming the black hole is located where the velocity dispersion is largest; this is offset from the maximum surface brightness, probably because of dust absorption. The black hole mass -- one of the smallest measured by modeling stellar dynamics -- satisfies the well known correlations of $M$ with the $K$-band luminosity, stellar mass, and velocity dispersion of the classical bulge only in contrast to total (classical plus pseudo) bulge luminosity.

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Metrics of research impact in astronomy: Predicting later impact from metrics measured 10-15 years after the PhD

This paper calibrates how metrics derivable from the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System can be used to estimate the future impact of astronomy research careers and thereby to inform decisions on resource allocation such as job hires and tenure decisions. Three metrics are used, citations of refereed papers, citations of all publications normalized by the numbers of co-authors, and citations of all first-author papers. Each is individually calibrated as an impact predictor in the book Kormendy (2020), "Metrics of Research Impact in Astronomy" (Astron Soc Pac Conference Series Monograph 8, San Francisco). How this is done is reviewed in the first half of this paper. Then, I show that averaging results from three metrics produces more accurate predictions. Average prediction machines are constructed for different cohorts of 1990-2007 PhDs and used to postdict 2017 impact from metrics measured 10, 12, and 15 years after the PhD. The time span over which prediction is made ranges from 0 years for 2007 PhDs to 17 years for 1990 PhDs using metrics measured 10 years after the PhD. Calibration is based on perceived 2017 impact as voted by 22 experienced astronomers for 510 faculty members at 17 highly-ranked university astronomy departments world-wide. Prediction machinery reproduces voted impact estimates with an RMS uncertainty of 1/8 of the dynamic range for people in the study sample. The aim of this work is to lend some of the rigor that is normally used in scientific research to the difficult and subjective job of judging people's careers.

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Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?

Tilted and warped discs inside tilted dark matter haloes are predicted from numerical and semi-analytical studies. In this paper, we use deep imaging to demonstrate the likely existence of tilted outer structures in real galaxies. We consider two SB0 edge-on galaxies, NGC4469 and NGC4452, which exhibit apparent tilted outer discs with respect to the inner structure. In NGC4469, this structure has a boxy shape, inclined by $Δ$PA$\approx$3$^{\circ}$ with respect to the inner disc, whereas NGC4452 harbours a discy outer structure with $Δ$PA$\approx$6$^{\circ}$. In spite of the different shapes, both structures have surface brightness profiles close to exponential and make a large contribution ($\sim30$%) to the total galaxy luminosity. In the case of NGC4452, we propose that its tilted disc likely originates from a former fast tidal encounter (probably with IC3381). For NGC4469, a plausible explanation may also be galaxy harassment, which resulted in a tilted or even a tumbling dark matter halo. A less likely possibility is accretion of gas-rich satellites several Gyr ago. New deep observations may potentially reveal more such galaxies with tilted outer structures, especially in clusters. We also consider galaxies, mentioned in the literature, where a central component (a bar or a bulge) is tilted with respect to the stellar disc. According to our numerical simulations, one of the plausible explanations of such observed "tilts" of the bulge/bar is a projection effect due to a not exactly edge-on orientation of the galaxy coupled with a skew angle of the triaxial bulge/bar.

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Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Black Hole Scaling Relations Are Not Biased by Selection Effects

The oral version of this paper summarized Kormendy & Ho 2013, ARA&A, 51, 511. However, earlier speakers at this Symposium worried that selection effects bias the derivation of black hole scaling relations. I therefore added -- and this proceedings paper emphasizes -- a discussion of why we can be confident that selection effects do not bias the observed correlations between BH mass M_BH and the luminosity, stellar mass, and velocity dispersion of host ellipticals and classical bulges. These are the only galaxy components that show tight BH-host correlations. The scatter plots of M_BH with host properties for pseudobulges and disks are upper envelopes of scatter that does extend to lower BH masses. BH correlations are most consistent with a picture in which BHs coevolve only with classical bulges and ellipticals. Four physical regimes of coevolution (or not) are suggested by Kormendy & Ho 2013 and are summarized here.

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The Halos and Environments of Nearby Galaxies (HERON) I: Imaging, Sample Characteristics, and Envelope Diameters

We use a dedicated 0.7-m telescope to image the halos of 119 galaxies in the Local Volume to $μ_r \sim 28-30$ mag/arcsec$^2$. The sample is primarily from the 2MASS Large Galaxy Atlas and extended to include nearby dwarf galaxies and more distant giant ellipticals, and spans fully the galaxy colour-magnitude diagram including the blue cloud and red sequence. We present an initial overview, including deep images of our galaxies. Our observations reproduce previously reported low surface brightness structures, including extended plumes in M51, and a newly discovered tidally extended dwarf galaxy in NGC7331. Low surface brightness structures, or "envelopes", exceeding 50 kpc in diameter are found mostly in galaxies with $M_V<-20.5$, and classic interaction signatures are infrequent. Defining a halo diameter at the surface brightness 28 mag/arcsec$^2$, we find that halo diameter is correlated with total galaxy luminosity. Extended signatures of interaction are found throughout the galaxy colour-magnitude diagram without preference for the red or blue sequences, or the green valley. Large envelopes may be found throughout the colour-magnitude diagram with some preference for the bright end of the red sequence. Spiral and S0 galaxies have broadly similar sizes, but ellipticals extend to notably greater diameters, reaching 150 kpc. We propose that the extended envelopes of disk galaxies are dominated by an extension of the disk population rather than by a classical population II halo.

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Structural Analogs of the Milky Way Galaxy: Stellar Populations in the Boxy Bulges of NGC 4565 and NGC 5746

We present NGC 4565 and NGC 5746 as structural analogs of our Milky Way. All three are giant, SBb - SBbc galaxies with two pseudobulges, i. e., a compact, disky, star-forming pseudobulge embedded in a vertically thick, "red and dead", boxy pseudobulge that really is a bar seen almost end-on. The stars in the boxy bulge of our Milky Way are old and enhanced in alpha elements, indicating that star formation finished within ~ 1 Gyr of when it started. Here, we present Hobby-Eberly Telescope spectroscopy of the boxy pseudobulges of NGC 4565 and NGC 5746 and show that they also are made of old and alpha-element-enhanced stars. Evidently it is not rare that the formation of stars that now live in bars finished quickly and early, even in galaxies of intermediate Hubble types whose disks still form stars now. Comparison of structural component parameters leads us to suggest that NGC 4565 and NGC 5746 are suitable analogs of the Milky Way, because they show signatures of similar evolution processes.

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Elliptical Galaxies and Bulges of Disk Galaxies: Summary of Progress and Outstanding Issues

This is the summary chapter of a review book on galaxy bulges. Bulge properties and formation histories are more varied than those of ellipticals. I emphasize two advances: 1 - "Classical bulges" are observationally indistinguishable from ellipticals, and like them, are thought to form by major galaxy mergers. "Disky pseudobulges" are diskier and more actively star-forming (except in S0s) than are ellipticals. Theys are products of the slow ("secular") evolution of galaxy disks: bars and other nonaxisymmetries move disk gas toward the center, where it starbursts and builds relatively flat, rapidly rotating components. This secular evolution is a new area of galaxy evolution work that complements hierarchical clustering. 2 - Disks of high-redshift galaxies are unstable to the formation of mass clumps that sink to the center and merge - an alternative channel for the formation of classical bulges. I review successes and unsolved problems in the formation of bulges+ellipticals and their coevolution (or not) with supermassive black holes. I present an observer's perspective on simulations of dark matter galaxy formation including baryons. I review how our picture of the quenching of star formation is becoming general and secure at redshifts z < 1. The biggest challenge is to produce realistic bulges+ellipticals and disks that overlap over a factor of 10**3 in mass but that differ from each other as observed over that whole range. Second, how does hierarchical clustering make so many giant, bulgeless galaxies in field but not cluster environments? I argue that we rely too much on AGN and star-formation feedback to solve these challenges.

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The Event Horizon of M87

The 6 billion solar mass supermassive black hole at the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87 powers a relativistic jet. Observations at millimeter wavelengths with the Event Horizon Telescope have localized the emission from the base of this jet to angular scales comparable to the putative black hole horizon. The jet might be powered directly by an accretion disk or by electromagnetic extraction of the rotational energy of the black hole. However, even the latter mechanism requires a confining thick accretion disk to maintain the required magnetic flux near the black hole. Therefore, regardless of the jet mechanism, the observed jet power in M87 implies a certain minimum mass accretion rate. If the central compact object in M87 were not a black hole but had a surface, this accretion would result in considerable thermal near-infrared and optical emission from the surface. Current flux limits on the nucleus of M87 strongly constrain any such surface emission. This rules out the presence of a surface and thereby provides indirect evidence for an event horizon.

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The Cluster Velocity Dispersion of the Abell 2199 cD Halo of NGC 6166

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope is used to measure the velocity dispersion profile of the nearest prototypical cD galaxy, NGC 6166 in cluster Abell 2199. We also present surface photometry from many telescopes. We confirm the defining feature of a cD -- a halo of stars that fills the cluster center and that is controlled by cluster gravity, not by the central galaxy. The velocity dispersion of NGC 6166 rises from 300 km/s at the center to 865 +- 58 km/s at 100 arcsec radius in the halo. This shows for the first time that the dispersion rises all the way to the cluster value, 819 +- 32 km/s. We find that the main body of NGC 6166 moves at 206 +- 39 km/s with respect to the cluster velocity, whereas the velocity of the cD halo is 70 km/s closer to the cluster velocity. These results support our picture that cD halos consist of stars that are stripped from cluster galaxies. But we do not confirm the view that cD halos are an extra, low-surface-brightness component that is distinct from the main body of a normal giant elliptical. Instead, all of the brightness profile of NGC 6166 outside its core is described to +- 0.037 mag/arcsec**2 by a single Sersic function with index n ~ 8.3. The cD halo is not recognizable from photometry alone. This blurs the distinction between cDs and similar-n core-boxy-nonrotating ellipticals. Both may have halos made largely via minor mergers and the accumulation of debris. However, the cD halo of NGC 6166 is as enhanced in alpha elements as the main body. Quenching of star formation in <~1 Gyr happened even to the galaxies that contributed the cD halo.

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Scaling Laws for Dark Matter Halos in Late-Type and Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

Dark matter (DM) halos of Sc-Im and dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies satisfy scaling laws: halos in lower-luminosity galaxies have smaller core radii, higher central densities, and smaller velocity dispersions. These results are based on maximum-disk rotation curve decompositions for giant galaxies and Jeans equation analysis for dwarfs. (1) We show that spiral, Im, and Sph galaxies with absolute magnitudes M_V > -18 form a sequence of decreasing baryon-to-DM surface density with decreasing luminosity. We suggest that this is a sequence of decreasing baryon retention vs. supernova-driven losses or decreasing baryon capture after cosmological reionization. (2) The structural differences between S+Im and Sph galaxies are small. Both are affected mostly by the physics that controls baryon depletion. (3) There is a linear correlation between the maximum rotation velocities of baryonic disks and the outer circular velocities V_circ of test particles in their DM halos. Baryons become unimportant at V_circ = 42+-4 km/s. Smaller galaxies are dim or dark. (4) We find that, before baryon "loss", dSph galaxies were brighter by ~4 mag and dIm galaxies were brighter by ~3.5 mag. Both have DM halos that are massive enough to help to solve the "Too Big To Fail" problem with DM galaxy formation. (5) We suggest that there exist many galaxies that are too dark to be discovered by current techniques, as required by cold DM theory. (6) Projected central densities of DM halos are constant from M_B ~ -5 to -22. This implies a Faber-Jackson law with halo mass M ~ (halo dispersion)**4.

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Scaling Laws for Dark Matter Halos in Late-Type and Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

Dark matter (DM) halos of Sc-Im galaxies satisfy scaling laws analogous to the fundamental plane relations for elliptical galaxies. Halos in less luminous galaxies have smaller core radii, higher central densities, and smaller central velocity dispersions. If dwarf spheroidal (dSph) and dwarf Magellanic irregular (dIm) galaxies lie on the extrapolations of these correlations, then we can estimate their baryon loss relative to that of brighter Sc-Im galaxies. We find that, if there had been no such enhanced baryon loss, then typical dSph and dIm galaxies would be brighter in absolute magnitude by 4 and 3.5 mag, respectively. Instead, these galaxies lost or retained as gas (in dIm galaxies) baryons that could have formed stars. Also, typical dSph and dIm galaxies have DM halos that are more massive than we thought, with velocity dispersions of about 30 km/s or circular-orbit rotation velocities of V_circ ~ 42 km/s. Comparison of DM and visible matter correlations confirms that, at V-band absolute magnitudes fainter than -18, dSph and dIm galaxies form a sequence of decreasing baryon-to-DM mass ratios in smaller dwarfs. We show explicitly that galaxy baryon content goes to (almost) zero at halo V_circ = 42 +- 4 km/s, in agreement with what we found from our estimate of baryon depletion. Our results suggest that there may be a large population of DM halos that are essentially dark and undiscovered. This helps to solve the problem that the fluctuation spectrum of cold DM predicts more dwarfs than we observe.

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The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey - VII. Structure and Assembly of Massive Galaxies in the Center of the Coma Cluster

We constrain the assembly history of galaxies in the projected central 0.5 Mpc of the Coma cluster by performing structural decomposition on 69 massive (M_star >= 10^9 M_sun) galaxies using high-resolution F814W images from the HST Treasury Survey of Coma. Each galaxy is modeled with up to three Sersic components having a free Sersic index n. After excluding the two cDs in the projected central 0.5 Mpc of Coma, 57% of the galactic stellar mass in the projected central 0.5 Mpc of Coma resides in classical bulges/ellipticals while 43% resides in cold disk-dominated structures. Most of the stellar mass in Coma may have been assembled through major (and possibly minor) mergers. Hubble types are assigned based on the decompositions, and we find a strong morphology-density relation; the ratio of (E+S0):spirals is (91.0%):9.0%. In agreement with earlier work, the size of outer disks in Coma S0s/spirals is smaller compared with lower-density environments captured with SDSS (Data Release 2). Among similar-mass clusters from a hierarchical semi-analytic model, no single cluster can simultaneously match all the global properties of the Coma cluster. The model strongly overpredicts the mass of cold gas and underpredicts the mean fraction of stellar mass locked in hot components over a wide range of galaxy masses. We suggest that these disagreements with the model result from missing cluster physics (e.g., ram-pressure stripping), and certain bulge assembly modes (e.g., mergers of clumps). Overall, our study of Coma underscores that galaxy evolution is not solely a function of stellar mass, but also of environment.

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Structure and Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies

Different structural parameter correlations show how classical bulge components and elliptical galaxies are different from spiral and S0 galaxy disks, irregular (Im) galaxies, and spheroidal (Sph) galaxies. In contrast, the latter, apparently diverse galaxies or galaxy components have almost identical parameter correlations. This shows that they are related. A review of galaxy transformation processes suggests that S0 and spheroidal galaxies are star-formation-quenched, "red and dead" versions of spiral and Im galaxies. In particular, Sph galaxies are bulgeless S0s. This motivates a parallel sequence galaxy classification in which an S0a-S0b-S0c-Sph sequence of decreasing bulge-to-total ratios is juxtaposed to an Sa-Sb-Sc-Im sequence of star-forming galaxies. All parameter sequences show a complete continuity from giant galaxies to the tiniest dwarfs. Dwarfs are not a new or different class of galaxies. Rather, they are the extreme products of transformation processes that get more important as gravitational potential wells get more shallow. Smaller Sph and S+Im galaxies have lower stellar densities because they retain fewer baryons. Comparison of the baryonic parameter correlations with those for dark matter halos allows us to estimate baryon loss as a function of galaxy mass. Extreme dwarfs are almost completely dominated by dark matter.

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The Black Hole Mass and the Stellar Ring in NGC 3706

We determine the mass of the nuclear black hole ($M$) in NGC 3706, an early type galaxy with a central surface brightness minimum arising from an apparent stellar ring, which is misaligned with respect to the galaxy's major axis at larger radii. We fit new HST/STIS and archival data with axisymmetric orbit models to determine $M$, mass-to-light ratio ($Υ_V$), and dark matter halo profile. The best-fit model parameters with 1$σ$ uncertainties are $M = (6.0^{+0.7}_{-0.9}) \times 10^8\ M_{\scriptscriptstyle \odot}$ and $Υ_V = 6.0 \pm 0.2\ M_{\scriptscriptstyle \odot}\ L_{{\scriptscriptstyle \odot},V}^{-1}$ at an assumed distance of 46 Mpc. The models are inconsistent with no black hole at a significance of $Δχ^2 = 15.4$ and require a dark matter halo to adequately fit the kinematic data, but the fits are consistent with a large range of plausible dark matter halo parameters. The ring is inconsistent with a population of co-rotating stars on circular orbits, which would produce a narrow line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD). Instead, the ring's LOSVD has a small value of $|V|/σ$, the ratio of mean velocity to velocity dispersion. Based on the observed low $|V|/σ$, our orbit modeling, and a kinematic decomposition of the ring from the bulge, we conclude that the stellar ring contains stars that orbit in both directions. We consider potential origins for this unique feature, including multiple tidal disruptions of stellar clusters, a change in the gravitational potential from triaxial to axisymmetric, resonant capture and inclining of orbits by a binary black hole, and multiple mergers leading to gas being funneled to the center of the galaxy.

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Secular Evolution in Disk Galaxies

Self-gravitating systems evolve toward the most tightly bound configuration that is reachable via available evolution processes. The inner parts shrink and the outer parts expand, provided that some physical process transports energy or angular momentum outward. The evolution of stars, star clusters, protostellar and protoplanetary disks, black hole accretion disks, and galaxy disks are all fundamentally similar. These processes for galaxy disks are the subjects of my lectures and of this Canary Islands Winter School. Part 1 discusses formation, growth, and death of bars. Part 2 details the slow ("secular") rearrangement of angular momentum that results from interactions between stars or gas and nonaxisymmetries such as bars. We have a heuristic understanding of how this forms outer rings, inner rings, and stuff dumped into the center. Observations show that barred galaxies have central concentrations of gas and star formation. Timescales imply that they grow central "pseudobulges" that get mistaken for elliptical-galaxy-like classical bulges but that formed gently out of disks. Part 3 shows how we distinguish between classical and pseudo bulges. Part 4 reviews how environmental secular evolution transforms gas-rich, star-forming spirals and irregulars into gas-poor, red and dead S0 and spheroidal ("Sph") galaxies. Sphs are not ellipticals; they have structural parameters like those of low-luminosity S+Im galaxies. So Sphs are bulgeless S0s. Part 5 combines hierarchical clustering and secular evolution into a comprehensive picture.

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Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Supplemental Material

This is the Supplemental Material to Kormendy and Ho 2013, ARAA, 51, 511 (arXiv:1304.7762). Section S1 summarizes indirect methods that are used to estimate black hole (BH) masses for galaxies with active nuclei (AGNs). Section S2 lists the observational criteria that are used to classify classical and pseudo bulges. The (pseudo)bulge classifications used in the main paper are not based on physical interpretation; rather, they are based on these observational criteria. Section S3 supplements the BH database in Section 5 of the main paper and Section S4 here. It discusses corrections to galaxy and BH parameters, most importantly to 2MASS K-band apparent magnitudes. It presents evidence that corrections are needed because 2MASS misses light at large radii when the images of galaxies subtend large angles on the sky or have shallow outer brightness gradients. Section S4 reproduces essentially verbatim the first part of Section 5 in the main paper, the BH database. It includes the list of BH and host-galaxy properties (Tables 2 and 3). Its most important purpose is to provide all of the notes on individual objects.

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Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies

We review the observed demographics and inferred evolution of supermassive black holes (BHs) found by dynamical modeling of spatially resolved kinematics. Most influential was the discovery of a tight correlation between BH mass and the velocity dispersion of the host-galaxy bulge. It and other correlations led to the belief that BHs and bulges coevolve by regulating each other's growth. New results are now replacing this simple story with a richer and more plausible picture in which BHs correlate differently with different galaxy components. BHs are found in pure-disk galaxies, so classical (elliptical-galaxy-like) bulges are not necessary to grow BHs. But BHs do not correlate with galaxy disks. And any correlations with disk-grown pseudobulges or halo dark matter are so weak as to imply no close coevolution. We suggest that there are four regimes of BH feedback. 1- Local, stochastic feeding of small BHs in mainly bulgeless galaxies involves too little energy to result in coevolution. 2- Global feeding in major, wet galaxy mergers grows giant BHs in short, quasar-like "AGN" events whose feedback does affect galaxies. This makes classical bulges and coreless-rotating ellipticals. 3- At the highest BH masses, maintenance-mode feedback into X-ray gas has the negative effect of helping to keep baryons locked up in hot gas. This happens in giant, core-nonrotating ellipticals. They inherit coevolution magic from smaller progenitors. 4- Independent of any feedback physics, the averaging that results from successive mergers helps to engineer tight BH correlations.

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Two Pseudobulges in the "Boxy Bulge" Galaxy NGC 5746

Galaxy formation and growth under the ΛCDM paradigm is expected to proceed in a hierarchical, bottom-up fashion by which small galaxies grow into large galaxies; this mechanism leaves behind large "classical bulges" kinematically distinct from "pseudobulges" grown by internal, secular processes. We use archival data (Spitzer 3.6 \mum wavelength, Hubble Space Telescope H-band, Two Micron All Sky Survey Ks-band, and Sloan Digital Sky Survey gri-band) to measure composite minor- and major-axis surface brightness profiles of the almost-edgeon spiral galaxy NGC 5746. These light profiles span a large range of radii and surface brightnesses to reveal an inner, high surface brightness stellar component that is distinct from the well-known boxy bulge. It is well fitted by Sérsic functions with indices n = 0.99 \pm 0.08 and 1.17 \pm 0.24 along the minor and major axes, respectively. Since n < 2, we conclude that this innermost component is a secularly-evolved pseudobulge that is distinct from the boxy pseudobulge. This inner pseduobulge makes up 0.136 \pm 0.019 of the total light of the galaxy. It is therefore considerably less luminous than the boxy structure, which is now understood to be a bar seen nearly end-on. The infrared imagery shows further evidence for secular evolution in the form of a bright inner ring of inner radius 9.1 kpc and width 1.6 kpc. NGC 5746 is therefore a giant, pure-disk SB(r)bc galaxy with no sign of a merger-built bulge. We do not understand how such galaxies form in a ΛCDM universe.

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