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John Moustakas

Publications and source records attributed to John Moustakas.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

ELVES-Dwarf. II. A Systematic Search for Satellite Systems of Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Volume

We present the Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites of Dwarf Galaxies (ELVES-Dwarf) survey, a systematic census of satellite systems around dwarf hosts in the Local Volume. Our final sample comprises 39 predominantly isolated hosts with stellar masses $10^{7} 10^5\,M_\odot$ around the 39 hosts. Above our fiducial completeness threshold of $M_\star\gtrsim10^{5.7}\,M_\odot$ and within the projected virial radius, 21 hosts have no confirmed satellites, 10 have one, six have two, and two have four, revealing substantial host-to-host scatter in satellite abundance. Overall, the observed satellite abundances and stellar mass functions are broadly consistent with predictions from the cosmological simulation TNG50 and galaxy formation models calibrated using Milky Way satellites. The projected radial distribution of the satellites is also consistent with theoretical expectations and with satellite populations around Milky Way-mass hosts. In contrast, the quenched fraction of satellites around dwarf hosts is substantially lower than around Milky Way-mass hosts, suggesting that environmental quenching is less efficient in dwarf halos. ELVES-Dwarf provides the first large, homogeneous, distance-confirmed sample of satellites around dwarf hosts and establishes a foundation for understanding galaxy formation and evolution in less-dense environments.

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Luminosity function of quasars at $1.0<z<3.5$ from SDSS and DESI

We present a study of the evolution of type 1 quasars at $1.0<z<3.5$, covering the peak epoch of quasar activity. The quasar evolution has been extensively explored by a variety of previous works and the derived quasar luminosity functions (QLFs) are not well consistent with each other, presumably due to the complexities introduced by different quasar selection techniques and associated completeness corrections. We use a new strategy to construct QLFs based on a library of all known quasars. We focus on a wide region of $\sim$1700 deg$^2$ and a deep field of $\sim$265 deg$^2$ that have rich spectroscopic data primarily from SDSS and DESI. We then apply traditional color cuts in the rest-frame UV/optical to select quasar candidates and use the quasar library to identify them. Our final sample consists of 62,426 quasars at $1.0<z<3.5$, with a high completeness ($\sim$96%) and a high purity ($\sim$93%) in the color selection. Simple color cuts can potentially minimize selection biases for the study of quasar evolution. We derive binned QLFs and characterize them using a double power-law model. Sample incompleteness and contamination are considered as part of the uncertainties in the calculation. Compared to previous results, our QLFs are slightly higher at the faint end, and also higher at the bright end at $2.5<z<3.5$. The QLFs suggest that the quasar evolution at $1.0 < z < 2.5$ can be well described by the pure luminosity evolution model, while at $2.5 < z < 3.5$, it can be described by either the pure luminosity evolution or the pure density evolution model.

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Quiescent Host Galaxies of Extended Quasars Revealed by Spectrophotometric Decomposition

Previous works of low-redshift quasar host galaxies have focused on compact quasars and found that their host galaxies are mainly star-forming galaxies. Here we present a study of host galaxies for quasars with extended morphologies in ground-based optical images. We select a sample of more than 1000 type 1 quasars at redshift $0.1<z<1$ that are classified as extended objects by DESI. Combining high-resolution spectra from DESI and high-quality images from Subaru HSC, we develop a spectrophotometric decomposition technique to iteratively decompose each quasar into an AGN component and its host galaxy. The technique can effectively break the degeneracy between the AGN and host components and capture the host spectral features. Our results show that the host galaxies of most quasars have low star-formation rates (SFRs) and low specific SFRs, indicating that they are quiescent galaxies. Many of them exhibit prominent post-starburst features with the existence of significant old stellar populations. These properties are quite different from the nature of compact quasars with star-forming host galaxies. In addition, the relation between the black hole mass and stellar mass for our sample is broadly consistent with the canonical local relations. This work is complementary to the previous studies and suggests that the host galaxies of low-redshift quasars are more diverse than what was thought.

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Cosmic Pairs: A DESI Census of Dual and Offset AGN as Precursors to Massive Black Hole Binaries

We present a systematic census of dual and offset active galactic nuclei (AGN) using spectroscopic data from the first data release (DR1) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). After correcting for observational systematics, our final sample contains $>7,000$ dual AGN and 27,000 galaxy pairs containing one AGN over the redshift range $0 \lesssim z \lesssim 3.6$. This sample expands the known dual AGN sample by $\sim 1-2$ orders of magnitude at $0.2 \lesssim z \lesssim 0.4$, includes $\sim 50$ dwarf dual AGN candidates in a regime where only a handful were previously known, and triples the census at $z>2$. Dual AGN are preferentially found at small separations, consistent with merger-driven triggering of AGN activity. The two members of a pair differ in their star formation response: the more massive (primary) host changes little with separation, while the less massive (secondary) lies $\sim 0.3$ dex above matched inactive and one-AGN companions at the same projected separation in main-sequence offset. Using ASTRID simulations, we predict that the fraction of DESI dual AGN whose central black holes will merge by $z \sim 0$ increases with redshift, reaching $\sim 76\%$ by $z \sim 2$, while the fraction producing LISA-detectable mergers peaks at $\sim 37\%$ near $z \sim 0.9$. These results provide the largest uniformly selected spectroscopic sample of kpc-scale dual and offset AGN candidates from a single survey, connecting their host-galaxy and AGN demographics to the progenitor population of massive black hole mergers detectable by LISA.

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Stacked Reverberation Mapping of High Redshift Quasars in DESI. I. Feasibility Analysis

The broad line region of quasars has long been probed by reverberation mapping techniques that measure time lags between continuum and broad emission line variations. Stacked reverberation mapping has been proposed as a less observationally expensive alternative to traditional methods. This ensemble approach also reduces biases from small-number statistics. The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is conducting the most extensive spectroscopic survey of quasars to date. We create mock light curves emulating expected DESI quasar observations at redshifts $1.48<z<5.2$ and luminosities $ 44.68 \leq \log L_{1350} \lambda / \mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}} \leq 45.99 $ to test stacked reverberation mapping feasibility using sparse spectroscopic data paired with well-sampled photometric data. The pipeline, using the lag estimation code JAVELIN, successfully recovers the simulated C IV lags within one sigma of the true values using spectroscopic light curves composed of only a few spectral epochs (2-10) with irregular cadences. We investigate how observational factors, including C IV flux error magnitude, number of stacked quasars, and spectral epoch count, affect performance. This work motivates a pathway for future stacked reverberation mapping projects with large scale spectroscopic surveys of quasars having $\geq 2$ spectroscopic observations. Our results suggest an economical alternative for constraining and extending the radius-luminosity relation to higher redshifts and luminosities. Subsequently, this relation can be employed more reliably in single-epoch black hole mass measurements and quasar cosmology in these distant regimes.

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ODIN: Characterizing the Three-dimensional Structure of Two Protocluster Complexes at $z = 3.1$

We present a detailed study of the 3D morphology of two extended associations of multiple protoclusters at $z=3.1$. These protocluster 'complexes', designated COSMOS-z3.1-A and COSMOS-z3.1-C, are the most prominent overdensities of $z=3.1$ Ly$α$ emitters (LAEs) identified in the COSMOS field by the One-hundred-deg$^2$ DECam Imaging in Narrowbands (ODIN) survey. These protocluster complexes have been followed up with extensive spectroscopy from Keck, Gemini, and DESI. Using a probabilistic method that combines photometrically selected and spectroscopically confirmed LAEs, we reconstruct the 3D structure of these complexes on scales of $\approx$50 cMpc. We validate our reconstruction method using the IllustrisTNG300-1 cosmological hydrodynamical simulation and show that it consistently outperforms approaches relying solely on spectroscopic data. The resulting 3D maps reveal that both complexes are irregular and elongated along a single axis, emphasizing the impact of sightline on our perception of structure morphology. The complexes consist of multiple density peaks, ten in COSMOS-z3.1-A and four in COSMOS-z3.1-C. The former is confirmed to be a proto-supercluster, similar to {\it Hyperion} at $z=2.4$ but observed at an even earlier epoch. Multiple `tails' connected to the cores of the density peaks are seen, likely representing cosmic filaments feeding into these extremely overdense regions. The 3D reconstructions further provide strong evidence that Ly$α$ blobs preferentially reside in the outskirts of the highest density regions. Descendant mass estimates of the density peaks suggest that COSMOS-z3.1-A and COSMOS-z3.1-C will evolve to become ultra-massive structures by $z=0$, with total masses $\log(M/M_\odot) \gtrsim 15.3$, exceeding that of Coma.

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Signatures of a Tidally Induced Spiral Arm at the Anticenter of the Milky Way and a Kinematically Extended Anticenter Stream Using DESI DR2

Using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Milky Way Survey (DESI MWS), we examine the 6D space of the anticenter region of the stellar disk (150$^\circ$ $<$ Galactic longitude $<$ 220$^\circ$) using 61,883 main-sequence turnoff stars. We focus on two well-known stellar overdensities in the anticenter, the Monoceros Ring (MRi) and Anticenter Stream (ACS). We find that the MRi overdensity has kinematics consistent with a tidally induced spiral arm, a type of dynamic spiral arm created by an interaction with a satellite galaxy, most likely the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr). We use the kinematics of the MRi to calculate the two most recent passage times of Sgr are 0.25 $\pm$ 0.09 Gyrs and 1.10 $\pm$ 0.23 Gyrs from the present day. We validate that the ACS is kinematically decoupled from the MRi because they are moving in opposite radial and vertical directions. We find that the kinematics associated with the ACS are not confined to our defined overdensity. The features we see in the ACS region are likely part of a broader distribution of stars with the same kinematic signature as detected in other places, like the vertical wave in the outer disk and phase spiral.

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Satellite Metallicity Enhancement I: Suppressed Star Formation, Stellar Mass Loss, and Enriched Inflow of DESI and EAGLE Galaxies around Massive Clusters

Environmental effects are a primary driver of elevated gas-phase metallicities in galaxies around massive clusters, but the underlying physical mechanisms for this satellite metallicity enhancement (SME) are still unclear. Using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1, we present the first measurement of the average SME as a function of projected cluster-centric distance. The resulting profile reveals three distinct regimes: a steep decline from the cluster center, a plateau near the cluster boundary, and an extended downturn across several cluster radii. Remarkably, the complex shape and amplitude of this observed SME profile are successfully reproduced in the EAGLE cosmological simulation. Drawing insights from EAGLE, we develop a novel satellite chemical evolution model to decompose the observed SME into physical contributions from suppressed star formation, stellar mass loss, and enriched gas inflow. Our analysis shows that continuous accretion of enriched intracluster medium dominates the SME plateau within the cluster virial radius, while mass loss and quenching jointly drive the rapid metallicity decline in the cluster core. Our method disentangles the impacts of three environmental processes on galactic chemical enrichment in the cosmic web, providing a powerful framework for understanding cluster galaxy evolution with current and future spectroscopic surveys.

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DESI DR2 Galaxy Luminosity Functions

We present galaxy luminosity functions (LFs) for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) DR2 Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) in the g,r,z, and w1 bands over 0.002 -15, which is stronger for red galaxies than for blue. We show that our LFs are largely complete for galaxies with surface brightness mu_50<25, and that an apparent steepening fainter than -13 is driven primarily by local overdensity and fragmentation of large galaxies. A systematic North-South offset at the brightest magnitudes is traced to red galaxies and may reflect shallower North photometry underestimating extended early-type profiles, although this remains inconclusive. We therefore also provide LFs based on model-Petrosian magnitudes. Redshift-splitting reveals small but significant residuals, indicating limitations of a simple global evolutionary model. Using the redshift limits of Loveday (2011) we find excellent agreement with GAMA, with substantially reduced statistical errors. These measurements provide a precise reference for studies of environmental and population-dependent LFs and for testing galaxy formation models.

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The Eddington Ratio Distribution of Narrow Line Active Galactic Nuclei

We measure the Eddington ratio distribution of local optical narrow-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) as a function of host galaxy properties, as a potential test of galaxy formation theories of AGN feedback. We extract central emission-line fluxes using data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV Data Release 17. Using the line ratio diagnostic techniques of Ji & Yan (2020), we identify AGN galaxies and determine their H$β$ and [OIII] line luminosities. For all galaxies not identified as AGN, we determine the threshold line luminosity they would have needed to be identified as AGN. These luminosity thresholds allow us to account for selection effects that otherwise would lead to strongly biased results. From the H$β$ luminosities and luminosity detection thresholds, accounting for selection effects, we measure the luminosity and Eddington ratio distributions of Seyferts as a function of specific star formation rate (sSFR) and stellar mass. Defining $F_{\rm AGN}$ as the occurrence rate of AGN above a fixed Eddington ratio of $10^{-3}$, we find that $F_{\rm AGN}$ is constant or increasing with stellar mass for star forming galaxies and declines strongly with stellar mass for quiescent galaxies. At stellar masses $\log_{10} M_\ast > 10.25$, the occurrence rate increases monotonically with sSFR. At low statistical significance, in our lowest mass bins $9.25 < \log_{10} M_\ast < 10.25$, $F_{\rm AGN}$ peaks at intermediate sSFR. These patterns reveal a complicated dependence of AGN activity on galaxy properties for theoretical models to explain.

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A Natural $\gtrsim 100\times$ Telescope: Discovery of the Strongly Lensed Type II SN 2025mkn at $z=1.37$

We present the discovery of SN 2025mkn, a gravitationally lensed Type II supernova. First detected as a blue transient in ZTF, 0.83$^{\prime\prime}$ from a $z=0.42$ elliptical galaxy, follow-up SNIFS/UH2.2m and LRIS/Keck spectra revealed absorption lines at $z=1.371$. Later JWST NIRCam imaging shows that the bright transient is a close pair of point sources separated by $\sim 0.07^{\prime\prime}$, and a 30 times fainter counterimage opposite the lens, for which NIRSpec reveals strong H$α$ emission also at $z=1.371$. The light curves and spectra are consistent with the Type II supernova source being magnified $\gtrsim 100$ times, with $\sim 250$ required to reconcile its luminosity with that of nearby events such as SN 2023ixf. Lens models are consistent with such high magnifications, and always show that the faint image arrived first (undetected in earlier ZTF imaging), consistent with the later spectral phase of this fainter image. A fourth image is also predicted and possibly detected in the NIRSpec data. Light-curve-based time-delay measurements are not possible due to the first image being the faintest; however, the resolved NIRSpec spectra offer a future opportunity for time-delay cosmography through supernova phase measurements.

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The velocity field of our Milky Way outer stellar halo based on DESI DR2

Using 64,000 halo K giants from Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) second Data Release (DR2), we decompose the Milky Way (MW) stellar halo between 3 and 160 kpc into metal-rich (MR) and metal-poor (MP) components via a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The two populations are nearly equal in number but chemically and kinematically distinct: MR stars occupy highly radial orbits with velocity anisotropy of beta ~0.94 and metallicity dispersion sigma([Fe/H]) ~0.17 dex, without obvious dependence on distance, and are mainly contributed by Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE) debris. MR component dominates the inner 30 kpc and re-emerges beyond 50 kpc, implying GSE debris can extend to ~70-80 kpc. MP stars exhibit a weaker radial bias of beta ~0.46, decreasing to -0.5 beyond 80 kpc, and with a larger metallicity dispersion of sigma([Fe/H]) ~0.46 dex, showing signatures of multiple minor mergers. Both components exhibit net prograde rotation at ~10-30 kpc with a stronger azimuthal signal in the MP population. The non-equilibrium motions of the outer halo (>50 kpc) are quantified with a dipole-plus-contraction velocity field. We find that the outer halo is simultaneously contracting (~-19 km/s, distance-independent) and subject to reflex motions (increases from -19 to -44 km/s with radius), reflecting the perturbation from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We also confirm a linear dependence of mean polar velocity for the outer stellar halo on the dipole velocity field, a direct consequence of the LMC and MW interaction. Our results provide a quantitative distance-resolved description of the MW's last major accretion event and its ongoing response to the first infall of the LMC.

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Bayesian Component Separation for DESI LAE Automated Spectroscopic Redshifts and Photometric Targeting

Lyman Alpha Emitters (LAEs) are valuable high-redshift cosmological probes traditionally identified using specialized narrow-band photometric surveys. In ground-based spectroscopy, it can be difficult to distinguish the sharp LAE peak from residual sky emission lines using automated methods, leading to misclassified redshifts. We present a Bayesian spectral component separation technique to automatically determine spectroscopic redshifts for LAEs while marginalizing over sky residuals. We use visually inspected spectra of LAEs obtained using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) to create a data-driven prior and can determine redshift by jointly inferring sky residual, LAE, and residual components for each individual spectrum. We demonstrate this method on 881 spectroscopically observed $z = 2-4$ DESI LAE candidate spectra and determine their redshifts with $>$90% accuracy when validated against visually inspected redshifts. Using the $Δχ^2$ value from our pipeline as a proxy for detection confidence, we then explore potential survey design choices and implications for targeting LAEs with medium-band photometry. This method allows for scalability and accuracy in determining redshifts from DESI spectra, and the results provide recommendations for LAE targeting in anticipation of future high-redshift spectroscopic surveys.

astro-ph.IM

ODIN: Confirmation and 3D Reconstruction of Six Massive Protoclusters at Cosmic Noon

Protoclusters represent sites of accelerated galaxy formation and extreme astrophysical activity characteristic of dense environments. Identifying massive protoclusters and mapping their spatial structures are therefore crucial first steps in understanding how the large-scale environment influences galaxy evolution. We combine wide-field Ly$\alpha$ imaging from the ODIN survey with extensive DESI and ancillary spectroscopy across the extended COSMOS and XMM-LSS fields ($\approx$14 deg$^2$) to search for massive protoclusters. We confirm six systems at $z\approx 2.4$ and $z\approx 3.1$, reconstruct their three-dimensional structures, estimate descendant halo masses, and, for one structure at $z\approx 3.12$, demonstrate that overlapping narrowband filters ($NB497$ and $N501$) provide accurate redshift tomography for emission-line galaxies. One protocluster at $z\approx 2.45$ overlaps with one of the LATIS tomographic fields, enabling direct comparison between galaxy and H {\sc i} overdensities traced by Ly$\alpha$ forest absorption. Another at $z\approx 3.12$ hosts a massive quiescent galaxy ($M_{\ast} \approx 1.2 \times 10^{11}M_\odot$), indicating early quenching in a dense environment. By comparing Ly$\alpha$ emission properties across environments, we find that protocluster galaxies exhibit higher median line fluxes and a deficit of faint emitters relative to the field. The effect is strongest when both 2D and 3D density information are combined, indicating that galaxies in the densest protocluster cores are most affected by environmental processes. This effect is stronger at $z\approx3.1$ than at $z\approx2.4$, suggesting possible redshift evolution.

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Early results in the search for extreme coronal line emitters with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Here we present the results of our search through the Early Data Release (EDR) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) for extreme coronal line emitters (ECLEs) - a rare classification of galaxies displaying strong, high-ionization iron coronal emission lines within their spectra. With the requirement of a strong X-ray continuum to generate the coronal emission, ECLEs have been linked to both active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and tidal disruption events (TDEs). We focus our search on identifying TDE-linked ECLEs. We identify three such objects within the EDR sample, highlighting DESI's effectiveness for discovering new nuclear transients, and determine a galaxy-normalized TDE-linked ECLE rate of $R_\mathrm{G}=5~^{+5}_{-3}\times10^{-6}~\mathrm{galaxy}^{-1}~\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ at a median redshift of z = 0.2 - broadly consistent with previous works. Additionally, we also identify more than 200 AGNs displaying coronal emission lines, which serve as the primary astrophysical contaminants in searches for TDE-related events. We also include an outline of the custom python code developed for this search.

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The DESI Transients Survey: Legacy Classifications and Methodology

We present the first systematic spectroscopic observations of extragalactic transients from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), as part of the DESI Transients Survey program. With 5,000 fibers and an ${\sim} 8$ deg$^2$ field of view, we exploit DESI as a machine for the discovery and classification of transients. We present transient classifications from archival DESI data in Data Releases 1 and 2, relying on a combination of a secondary target program and serendipitous observations. We also present observations from the first 6 months of the DESI spare fiber program dedicated to transients. The program is run in coordination with a dedicated DECam time-domain survey, serving as a pathfinder for what we will be able to achieve in conjunction with the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). We classify over 250 transients, of which the majority were previously unclassified. The sample comprises thermonuclear and core-collapse supernovae and tidal disruption events (TDEs), including a TDE observed before its discovery in imaging. We demonstrate DESI's ability to classify a population of faint transients down to $r\sim 22.5$ mag during main survey operations, with negligible impacts on DESI's main observations.

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A Unified Photometric Redshift Calibration for Weak Lensing Surveys using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

The effective redshift distribution $n(z)$ of galaxies is a critical component in the study of weak gravitational lensing. Here, we introduce a new method for determining $n(z)$ for weak lensing surveys based on high-quality redshifts and neural network-based importance weights. Additionally, we present the first unified photometric redshift calibration of the three leading stage-III weak lensing surveys, the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey and the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS), with state-of-the-art spectroscopic data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We verify our method using a new, data-driven approach and obtain $n(z)$ constraints with statistical uncertainties of order $σ_{\bar z} \sim 0.01$ and smaller. Our analysis is largely independent of previous photometric redshift calibrations and, thus, provides an important cross-check in light of recent cosmological tensions. Overall, we find excellent agreement with previously published results on the DES Y3 and HSC Y1 data sets while there are some differences on the mean redshift with respect to the previously published KiDS-1000 results. We attribute the latter to mismatches in photometric noise properties in the COSMOS field compared to the wider KiDS SOM-gold catalog. At the same time, the new $n(z)$ estimates for KiDS do not significantly change estimates of cosmic structure growth from cosmic shear. Finally, we discuss how our method can be applied to future weak lensing calibrations with DESI data.

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Cosmological Constraints from Full-Scale Clustering and Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing with DESI DR1

We present constraints on cosmic structure growth from the analysis of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing with galaxies from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1. We analyze four samples drawn from the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) and the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) target classes. Projected galaxy clustering measurements from DESI are supplemented with lensing measurements from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS), and the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey around the same targets. Our method relies on a simulation-based modeling framework using the AbacusSummit simulations and a complex halo occupation distribution model that incorporates assembly bias. We analyze scales down to $0.4 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}$ for clustering and $2.5 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}$ for lensing, leading to stringent constraints on $S_8 = σ_8 \sqrt{Ω_\mathrm{m} / 0.3}$ and $Ω_\mathrm{m}$ when fixing other cosmological parameters to those preferred by the CMB. We find $S_8 = 0.794 \pm 0.023$ and $Ω_\mathrm{m} = 0.295 \pm 0.012$ when using lensing measurements from DES and KiDS. Similarly, for HSC, we find $S_8 = 0.793 \pm 0.017$ and $Ω_\mathrm{m} = 0.303 \pm 0.010$ when assuming the best-fit photometric redshift offset suggested by the HSC collaboration. Overall, our results are in good agreement with other results in the literature while continuing to highlight the constraining power of non-linear scales.

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