A Mixed Discrete Cosserat Rod Formulation
In this communication we propose a discrete Cosserat rod formulation in which a slender elastic rod is represented as a chain of rigid bodies (nodes) coupled by compliant elastic forces and moments acting between adjacent node pairs. Discrete dilatation, shear, torsion and curvature strain measures are evaluated from the relative kinematics of each node pair, while the constitutive behavior is expressed in compliance form through independent stress degrees of freedom. We show that the resulting model arises rigorously from a mixed Petrov--Galerkin Cosserat rod finite element formulation (FEM) at linear kinematic interpolation order when the internal virtual work is integrated by the midpoint rule and the external and inertial contributions by the trapezoidal rule. The proposed formulation inherits the robustness and the absence of locking from the underlying mixed FEM while simultaneously exposing a two-node coupling structure that mirrors discrete rod models from the computer graphics community. This is in sharp contrast to the dense coupling of strain-parameterized reduced-order models often used in soft robotic applications. Three numerical examples involving piecewise-varying cross sections, tendon-driven actuation under different spatial discretizations, and coupled longitudinal-torsional dynamics confirm the accuracy, robustness, and convergence behavior of the presented approach.