Demonstration of a compact optical resonator-based displacement sensing technique with sub-femtometer precision
We demonstrate sub-femtometer displacement-sensing results achieved with a compact optical resonator-based laser interferometry technique called heterodyne cavity-tracking, intended for local displacement or inertial sensing with ultra-high sensitivity. Displacement sensing at this sensitivity is required for ambitious improvements to current gravitational-wave detectors and to enable future ground- and space-based observatories. The optical topology employs a centimeter-scale dynamic cavity incorporating a proof mass, and the relative length fluctuations of this cavity are measured using a heterodyne readout. The fundamental limits of the technique lie significantly below the femtometer level and are ultimately defined by the coating thermal noise of the cavity mirrors. In our experimental demonstration, we achieve a sub-femtometer per Hz$^{1/2}$ displacement sensitivity for Fourier frequencies above 8 Hz and a sub-picometer per Hz$^{1/2}$ sensitivity above 3 mHz, with the sensitivity at lower frequencies limited by mechanical and temperature-induced noise sources. When the length of the dynamic cavity was intentionally actuated, the technique could track a maximum motion of about 0.6 $\mu$m, thereby achieving a dynamic range of roughly ten orders of magnitude in displacement sensing. We thus demonstrate the key features of this scheme - sub-femtometer performance and a dynamic range spanning ten orders of magnitude - in a laboratory setting, paving the way for development of an integrated system. Such a system is a currently unrealized technology that is necessary for precision physics experiments in the coming decades.