arXiv subjects

Jordan Budhu

Publications and source records attributed to Jordan Budhu.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Design, Fabrication, and Measurement of a Hemispherical Multi-Layer Band-Pass Frequency Selective Surface

A hemispherical multilayer wide-band (7-13 GHz) band-pass frequency selective surface (FSS) is reported. A new design technique based on a Goldberg discretization and unit cell scaling technique is introduced to accommodate the curved profile of the FSS. The FSS is additively manufactured by sequentially printing dielectric layers and metallic patterns until 3 patterned silver-ink surfaces are integrated within a 4.5 mm (${\lambda_0}/6$ at 10 GHz) thick ABS hemispherical radome. The diameter and the height of the realized hemispherical FSS are around $5{\lambda_0}$ and $3{\lambda_0}$ respectively. Measurements demonstrate a roughly 1.7 dB insertion loss in the passband and 15-20 dB rejection in the stop-band. Additionally, a new postprocessing technique is used to suppress the effects of edge diffraction in the measured transmission spectrum. The design process, manufacturing technique, and measurement postprocessing represent novel advancements enabling future conformal frequency selective surfaces.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2024

A Generalized Dispersion Equation Combining Coupled Modes, Parity-Time Symmetry, and Leaky Waves Describing Non-Decaying Leaky Surface Waves

A generalized dispersion equation is derived featuring coupled mode theory, parity-time symmetry, and leaky wave antennas of arbitrary periodic modulation. It can be specialized to each of these cases individually or can describe a structure containing all three electromagnetic phenomena simultaneously in a single antenna. This very general dispersion equation is derived using both mode matching and the transverse resonance method, the latter lacking the ability to provide the field descriptions and wave impedances at the cost of computational simplicity. Using the dispersion equation, a sinusoidally modulated reactive sheet (SMRS) supported by an active impedance sheet backed dielectric spacer is designed. The active impedance sheet is designed to compensate the SMRS radiative leakage loss when coupled in close proximity. Due to the coupling, each spatial harmonic generated by the SMRS modulation is characterized by a purely real propagation constant and hence leaky wave radiation is generated from surface waves which do not decay. Due to the non-decaying nature of the surface waves, an input to output surface wave port-to-port |S21| would be unity despite an open far field channel being generated. The non-decaying leaky surface wave antenna is compared to the traditional PEC backed SMRS. The non-decaying leaky surface waves give rise to perfect aperture efficiency and the associated radiation pattern making it far superior to the traditional PEC backed SMRS case. Full-wave simulations corroborate the results. These types of antennas can make sensors probed from the far field where changes in S21 amplitude directly correlate to local changes in the waveguiding environment.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

A New Homogenization-Free Boundary Condition Towards Aperiodic Metasurface Design Using Full-Wave Surrogate Models of Printed Circuits

A new homogenization-free boundary condition is introduced for the design of metasurfaces. The boundary condition, linking the tangential electric field to the induced surface current density within a unit cell, is described as a matrix equation containing a surrogate model of a printed circuit. Full-wave simulations are performed to construct the data needed to capture the physics of a printed circuits response to exciting fields in terms of its induced current density. The matrix equation takes the form of a boundary condition which can be included in design and optimization algorithms incorporating mutual coupling in the form of an impedance matrix. Modelling the metasurface in this manner allows for direct design of the realizable model avoiding any homogenization or locally periodic approximations leading to a paradigm shift in metasurface design approaches. The surrogate models construction is described and its use in a 50 printed circuit example is provided.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2023

Design of Rim-Located Reconfigurable Reflectarrays for Interference Mitigation in Reflector Antennas

Radio telescopes are susceptible to interference arriving through its sidelobes. If a reflector antenna could be retrofitted with an adaptive null steering system, it could potentially mitigate this interference. The design of a reflectarray which can be used to reconfigure a radio telescopes radiation pattern by driving a null to the angle of incoming interference is presented. The reflectarray occupies only a portion of the rim of the original reflector and lays conformal to the paraboloid within this region. The conformal reflectarray contains unit cells with 1-bit reconfigurability stemming from two symmetrically placed PIN diodes. It is found that the dielectric and switch losses introduced by the reflectarray do not significantly affect the radio telescopes efficiency since the reflectarray is placed only along the outer rim of the reflector which is weakly illuminated. Simulation results of an L-band reconfigurable reflectarray for an 18m prime focus fed parabola are presented.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2023

Design of Beamforming, Transparent Metasurfaces Using Integral Equations

An accurate method for designing transmissive metasurfaces is presented that provides perfect transmission while transforming the amplitude and phase of the wavefront. The designed metasurfaces consist of three spatially-varying, electric impedance sheets separated by two dielectric substrates. The design method uses integral equations to account for interactions within and between the impedance sheets, allowing for accurate design. In this paper, a comparison between the integral equation method and the local periodicity approximation is presented. The comparison includes one design example for a transmitted field of uniform phase and amplitude. The design using integral equations provides better collimation. Two other examples involving an amplitude tapered transmitted field are reported to show the versatility of the proposed design technique. In all the examples, the metasurface is $7.35λ_0$ wide, the focal length is $4λ_0$, and has an overall thickness of $0.1355 λ_0 $ at the operating frequency of 5GHz. The designs are verified using a commercial finite element electromagnetic solver.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2023

Perfect Plane-Wave to Surface-Wave Coupler Enabled Teleporting Conformal Metasurfaces

A technique for the design of conformal metasurfaces with two spatially disconnected space wave ports connected by a surface wave is presented. The passive and lossless metasurface absorbs the incident plane wave at port 1, converts it perfectly into a surface wave which transports the energy along an arbitrarily shaped/curved metasurface to port 2, then reradiates the captured power as a radiated field with control over its amplitude and phase. Since the incident field is seen to disappear at the input port and reappear at a spatially dislocated port as a new formed beam, the field can be said to have teleported. The metasurface consists of a single, conformal, spatially variant, impedance sheet supported by a conformal grounded dielectric substrate of the same shape. It is modeled using integral equations. The impedances of the sheet are optimized using the adjoint variable method to achieve the perfect teleporting operation from a passive and lossless metasurface. Possible applications include channel optimization for cellular networks, inexpensive power harvesting, sensing, around-the-corner radar, and cloaking.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2022

Unit Cell Design for Aperiodic Metasurfaces

A technique is presented for the design of printed unit cells in aperiodic metasurface environments. The method begins with a solved matrix equation governing electromagnetic scattering from a homogenized metasurface design. The matrix equation is used to find the local, inhomogeneous electric field exciting a printed-circuit unit cell geometry. The local field is then impressed onto the printed circuit geometry and the induced surface current numerically computed. The computed surface current is sampled at the matrix equation discretization. The matrix equation is then used to compute the electric field scattered by the printed-circuit unit cell onto its neighbors using the sampled current in place of the current of the original homogenized unit cell. The printed circuit geometry is optimized to scatter the same field as the homogenized unit cell when excited with the local electric field computed. Two design examples are provided. Both a finite-sized, wide-angle reflecting metasurface, and a metasurface reflectarray designed to scan and collimate an incident cylindrical wave, are realized with printed-circuit unit cells using the proposed approach. It is shown that the local periodicity approximation cannot be used to accurately design the unit cells of either finite-sized metasurface.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2022

Design of Planar and Conformal, Passive, Loss-less Metasurfaces that Beamform

A general technique for synthesizing both planar and conformal beamforming metasurfaces is presented that utilizes full-wave modeling techniques and rapid optimization methods. The synthesized metasurfaces consist of a patterned metallic cladding supported by a finite-size grounded dielectric substrate. The metasurfaces are modeled using integral equations which accurately account for mutual coupling and the metasurface's finite dimensions. The synthesis technique consists of three phases: a direct solve phase to obtain an initial metasurface design with complex-valued impedances satisfying the desired far-field beam specifications, a subsequent optimization phase that converts the complex-valued impedances to purely reactive ones, and a final patterning phase to realize the purely reactive impedances as a patterned metallic cladding. The optimization phase introduces surface waves which facilitate passivity. The metasurface is optimized using gradient descent with a semi-analytic gradient obtained using the adjoint variable method. Three examples are presented: a low-profile directly-fed metasurface antenna with near perfect aperture efficiency, a scanned-beam reflectarray design with controlled sidelobes, and a conformal metasurface reflectarray. The far-field and near-field performance of the metasurfaces are verified and the bandwidth and loss tolerance of the metasurfaces are investigated.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Recent Advances in Bianisotropic Boundary Conditions: Theory, Capabilities, Realizations, and Applications

In recent years, new functionality and unprecedented wavefront control has been enabled by the introduction of bianisotropic metasurfaces. A bianisotropic metasurface is characterized by an electric response, a magnetic response, and an electromagnetic/magnetoelectric response. In general, these metasur-faces consists of an array of metallic or dielectric particles located within a subwavelength thick host medium, and are approximated and modelled as infinitely-thin, idealized sheet boundaries defined along a surface. An appropriate sheet boundary condition which effectively models the tangential field discontinuity due to the array of magnetoelectric inclusions is the Generalized Sheet Transition Condition or GSTC. Several forms of the GSTC appear in literature. Here, we present each interpretation and show how they are related. Synthesis approaches unique to each form are overviewed. By utilizing the GSTC in metasurface design, new possibilities emerge which are not possible with conventional design techniques incorporating only electric or only magnetic responses. Since the metasurfaces are designed using bianisotropic boundary conditions, they must be realized using particles which contain magnetoelectric responses. This review article discusses the design of metasurfaces using the GSTC, and the bianisotropic particles used to realize GSTCs. Further, it discusses new and recent applications that have emerged due to bianisotropy, and future prospects in metasurface design using bianisotropic boundary conditions. The intent is to provide a comprehensive overview of metasurface design involving bianisotropy and for this review article to serve as a starting point for engineers and scientist that wish to introduce bianisotropy into metasurface design.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2021

The Design of Dual Band Stacked Metasurfaces Using Integral Equations

An integral equation-based approach for the design of dual band stacked metasurfaces which are invariant in one-dimension is presented. The stacked metasurface will generate collimated beams at desired angles in each band upon reflection. The conductor-backed stacked metasurface consists of two metasurfaces (a patterned metallic cladding supported by a dielectric spacer) stacked one upon the other. The stacked metasurface is designed in three phases. First the patterned metallic cladding of each metasurface is homogenized and modeled as an inhomogeneous impedance sheet. An Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) is written to model the mutual coupling between the homogenized elements within each metasurface, and from metasurface to metasurface. The EFIE is transformed into matrix equations by the method of moments. The nonlinear matrix equations are solved at both bands iteratively resulting in dual band complex-valued impedance sheets. In the second phase, optimization is applied to transform these complex-valued impedance sheets into purely reactive sheets suitable for printed circuit board fabrication by introducing surface waves. In the third phase, the metallic claddings of each metasurface are patterned for full-wave simulation of the dual band stacked metasurface. Using this approach, two dual band stacked metasurfaces are designed

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2021

Dielectric Resonator Antenna Coupled Antimonide-Based Detectors (DRACAD) For the Infrared

In an infrared photodetector, noise current (dark current) is generated throughout the volume of the detector. Reducing the volume will reduce dark current, but the corresponding smaller area will also reduce the received signal. By using a separate antenna to receive light, one can reduce the detector area without reducing the signal, thereby increasing its signal to noise ratio (SNR). Here, we present a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) coupled infrared photodetector. Its performance is compared to a conventional resonant cavity enhanced slab detector. The Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) is used as a figure of merit for the comparison. Formulas for the NEP are derived for both cases. A pBp photodiode detector is assumed in the comparison. The active region of the photodiode is an InAs/GaSb Type II Superlattice (T2SL). A Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the dimensions of the detector and the DRA to achieve the smallest NEP. The result is a photodetector that converts over 85% of the incident light into carriers with a volume reduced by 95%. This optimal geometry leads to a NEP reduced by 6.02dB over that of the conventional resonant cavity enhanced slab detector.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2021

Fast and Accurate Optimization of Metasurfaces with Gradient Descent and the Woodbury Matrix Identity

A fast metasurface optimization strategy for finite-size metasurfaces modeled using integral equations is presented. The metasurfaces considered are constructed from finite patterned metallic claddings supported by grounded dielectric spacers. Integral equations are used to model the response of the metasurface to a known excitation and solved by Method of Moments. An accelerated gradient descent optimization algorithm is presented that enables the direct optimization of such metasurfaces. The gradient is normally calculated by solving the method of moments problem N+1 times where N is the number of homogenized elements in the metasurface. Since the calculation of each component of the N-dimensional gradient involves perturbing the moment method impedance matrix along one element of its diagonal and inverting the result, this numerical gradient calculation can be accelerated using the Woodbury Matrix Identity. The Woodbury Matrix Identity allows the inverse of the perturbed impedance matrix to be computed at a low cost by forming a rank-r correction to the inverse of the unperturbed impedance matrix. Timing diagrams show up to a 26.5 times improvement in algorithm times when the acceleration technique is applied. An example of a passive and lossless wide-angle reflecting metasurface designed using the accelerated optimization technique is reported.

math.NA↗