arXiv subjects

Jose G. Vargas

Publications and source records attributed to Jose G. Vargas.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2019

The Exterior Calculus and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

In 1960-62, E. Kähler developed what looks as a generalization of the exterior calculus, which he based on Clifford rather than exterior algebra. The role of\ the exterior derivative, $du$, was taken by the more comprehensive derivative $\partial u$ ($\equiv dx^{μ}\vee d_{μ}u$), where `$\vee $' stands for Clifford product. The $d_{μ}u$ represents a set of quantities to which he referred as covariant derivative, and for which he gave a long, ad hoc expression. We provide the geometric foundation for this derivative, based on Cartan's treatment of the structure of a Riemannian differentiable manifold without resort to the concept of the so called affine connections. Buried at advanced points in his presentations is the implied statement that $\partial u=du+\ast ^{-1}d$ $u\ast $, the sign at the front of the coderivative term is a matter of whether we include the unit imaginary or not in the definition of Hodge dual, $\ast $. We extract and put together the pieces of theory that go into his derivation of that statement, which seems to have gone unnoticed in spite of its relevance for a quick understanding of what his `Kähler calculus'. Kähler produced a most transparent, compelling and clear formulation of relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) as a virtual concomitant of his calculus. We shall enumerate several of its notable features, which he failed to emphasize. The exterior calculus in Kähler format thus reveals itself as the computational tool for RQM, making the Dirac calculus unnecessary and its difficulties spurious.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2018

Geometric Unification in Classical Physics

We show that always present in the autoparallels, even in natural liftings to the Finsler bundle of arbitrary connections, the Lorentz force is inescapable in Finsler geometry. These liftings retain the form $R_{\,νλ}^{μ}ω^{ν}\wedge ω^{λ}$, but he soldering forms, $ω^{μ}$, and the components have changed. Finslerian torsions, $Ω^{μ}=dω^{μ}-ω^{ν}\wedge ω_{ν}^{μ}=R_{\,νλ}^{μ}ω^{ν}\wedge ω^{λ}+S_{\,νi}^{μ}ω^{ν}\wedge ω_{0}^{i}$, $(λ=(0,l_{i})=0,1,2,3)$, span three sectors: (a) electrodynamic, defined by $Ω^{i}=0$ and $S_{νl}^{0}=0$, (b) "dark matter" (for lack of a better name), defined by $Ω^{i}=0,$ $S_{νl}^{i}\neq 0$ (It affects the equation of the autoparallels with additional terms, not only for the force but also for the momentum) and (c) the dark sector of the $Ω^{i}$, "dark" because it contributes to the energy equations but not to the equations of the motion. We then assume teleparallelism. The linearization of the first Bianchi identity for torsions of type (a) becomes the first pair of Maxwell's equations. And the vanishing of a curvature related vector-valued differential 3-form, and the splitting of the connection into contorsion and Levi-Civita differential 1-form yields Einstein's equations as a statement of annulment of a sum of three currents, metric dependent (gravitational), torsional (other fields and matter) and a third one that mixes torsion and metric and with cosmological flavor.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2015

Algebraic Quarks from the Tangent Bundle: Methodology

In a previous paper, we developed a table of components of algebraic solutions of a system of equations generated by an inhomogeneous proper-value equation involving Kähler's total angular momentum. This table looks as if it were a representation of real life quarks. We did not consider all options for solutions of the system of equations that gave rise to it. We shall not, therefore, claim that the present distribution of those components as a well ordered table has strict physical relevance. It, however, is of great interest for the purpose of developing methodology, which may then be used for other solutions. We insert into our present table concepts that parallel those of the phenomenology of HEP: generations, color, flavor, isospin, etc. Breaking then loose from that distribution, we consider simpler alternatives for algebraic "quarks" of primary color (The mathematics speaks of each generation having its own primary color). We use them to show how stoichiometric argument allows one to reach what appear to be esthetically appealing idempotent representation of particles for other than electrons and positrons (Kähler already provided these half a century ago with idempotents similar to our hypothetical quarks). We then use neutron decay to obtain formulas for also hypothetical algebraic neutrinos and the $Z_{0}$, and use pair annihilation to obtain formulas for gamma particles. We go back to the system of equations and develop an alternative option. We solve the system but stop short of studying it along the present line. This will thus be an easy entry point to this theory by HEP physicists, who will be able to go aster and further.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2015

Total Operators and Inhomogeneous Proper Values Equations

Kaehler's two-sided angular momentum operator, K + 1, is neither vector-valued nor bivector-valued. It is total in the sense that it involves terms for all three dimensions. Constant idempotents that are "proper functions" of K+1's components are not proper functions of K+1. They rather satisfy "inhomogeneous proper-value equations", i.e. of the form (K + 1)U = μU + π, where π is a scalar. We consider an equation of that type with K+1 replaced with operators T that comprise K + 1 as a factor, but also containing factors for both space and spacetime translations. We study the action of those T's on linear combinations of constant idempotents, so that only the algebraic (spin) part of K +1 has to be considered. π is now, in general, a non-scalar member of a Kaehler algebra. We develop the system of equations to be satisfied by the combinations of those idempotents for which π becomes a scalar. We solve for its solutions with μ = 0, which actually also makes π = 0: The solutions with μ = π = 0 all have three constituent parts, 36 of them being different in the ensemble of all such solutions. That set of different constituents is structured in such a way that we might as well be speaking of an algebraic representation of quarks. In this paper, however, we refrain from pursuing this identification in order to emphasize the purely mathematical nature of the argument.

math.GM↗

arXiv2014

Kaehler Algebra: Idempotents for Solutions with Symmetry in Metric Spaces

With his Clifford algebra of differential forms, Kaehler's algebra addresses the overlooked manifestation of symmetry in the solutions of exterior systems. In this algebra, solutions with a given symmetry are members of left ideals generated by corresponding idempotents. These combine with phase factors to take care of all the dependence of the solution on $x^{i}$ and $% dx^{i}$ for each $\partial /\partial x^{i}=0$ symmetry. The maximum number of idempotents (each for a one-parameter group) that can, therefore, go into a solution is the dimensionality $n$ of the space. This number is further limited by non-commutativity of idempotents. We consider the tensor product of Kaehler algebra with tangent Clifford algebra, i.e. of valuedness. It has a commutative subalgebra of "mirror elements", i.e. where the valuedness is dual to the differential form (like in $dx\mathbf{i}$, but not in $dx\mathbf{j}$). It removes the aforementioned limitation in the number of idempotent factors that can simultaneously go into a solution. In the Kaehler calculus, which is based on the Kaehler algebra, total angular momentum is linear in its components, even it is not valued in tangent algebra. In particular, it is not a vector operator. We carry Kaehler's treatment over to the aforementioned commutative algebra. Non-commutativity thus ceases to be a limiting factor in the formation of products of idempotents representing each a one-parameter symmetry. The interplay of factors that emerges in the expanded set of such products is inimical to operator theory. For practical reasons, we stop at products involving three one-parameter idempotents ---henceforth call ternary--- even though the dimensionality of the all important spacetime manifold allows for four of them.

math.GM↗

arXiv2014

Helmholtz-Hodge Theorems: Unification of Integration and Decomposition Perspectives

We develop a Helmholtz-like theorem for differential forms in Euclidean space $E_{n}$ using a uniqueness theorem similar to the one for vector fields. We then apply it to Riemannian manifolds, $R_{n}$, which, by virtue of the Schlaefli-Janet-Cartan theorem of embedding, are here considered as hypersurfaces in $E_{N}$ with $N\geq n(n+1)/2$. We obtain a Hodge decomposition theorem that includes and goes beyond the original one, since it specifies the terms of the decomposition. We then view the same issue from a perspective of integrability of the system ($dα=μ,$ $δα=ν$), relating boundary conditions to solutions of ($dα=0,$ $δα=0$), [$δ$ is what goes by the names of divergence and co-derivative, inappropriate for the Kaehler calculus, with which we obtained the foregoing).

math.GM↗

arXiv2014

Helmholtz Theorem for Differential Forms in 3-D Euclidean Space

There are significant differences between Helmholtz and Hodge's decomposition theorems, but both share a common flavor. This paper is a first step to bring them together. We here produce Helmholtz theorems for differential 1-forms and 2-forms in 3-D Euclidean space. We emphasize their common structure in order to facilitate the understanding of another paper, soon to be made public, where a Helmholtz theorem for arbitrary differential forms in arbitrary Euclidean space is presented and which allows one to connect (actually to derive from it) an improvement of Hodge's decomposition theorem.

math.GM↗

arXiv2012

Real Units Imaginary in Kaehler's Quantum Mechanics

Inspired by a similar, more general treatment by Kahler, we obtain the spin operator by pulling to the Cartesian coordinate system the azimuthal partial derivative of differential forms. At this point, no unit imaginary enters the picture, regardless of whether those forms are over the real or the complex field. Hence, the operator is to be viewed as a real operator. Also a view of Lie differentiation as a pullback emerges, thus avoiding conceps such as flows of vector fields for its definition. Enter Quantum Mechanics based on the Kahler calculus. Independently of the unit imaginary in the phase factor, the proper values of the spin part of angular momentum emerge as imaginary because of the idempotent defining the ideal associated with cylindrical symmetry. Thus the unit imaginary has to be introduced by hand as a factor in the angular momentum operator |and as a result also in its orbital part| for it to have real proper values. This is a concept of real operator opposite to that of the previous paragraph. Kahler stops short of stating the antithesis in this pair of concepts, both of them implicit in his work. A solution to this antithesis lies in viewing units imaginary in those idempotents as being the real quantities of square minus 1 in rotation operators of real tangent Clifford algebra. In so doing, one expands the calculus, and launches in principle a geometrization of quantum mechanics, whether by design or not.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

Real Version of Calculus of Complex Variable (II): Cauchy's Point of View

As was the case in a previous paper, the differential form x+ydxdy plays the role that the variable z plays in the standard calculus of complex variable. The role of holomorphic functions will now be played by strict harmonic differential forms in the Kaehler algebra of the real plane. These differential forms satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann relations. No new concept of differentiation is needed, and yet this approach parallels standard Cauchy theory, but more simply. The power series and theorem of residues belong here at the end, unlike in the previous paper.

math.GM↗

arXiv2012

Real Version of Calculus of Complex Variable (I): Weierstrass Point of View

A very small amount of Kähler algebra (i.e. Clifford algebra of differential forms) in the real plane makes x + ydxdy emerge as a factor between the differentials of the Cartesian and polar coordinates, largely replacing the concept of complex variable. The integration on closed curves of closed 1-forms on multiply connected regions takes us directly to a real plane version of the theorem of residues. One need not resort to anything like differentiation and integration with respect to x + ydxdy. It is a matter of algebra and integration of periodic functions. We then derive Cauchy's integral formulas, including the ones for the derivatives. Additional complex variable theory of general interest for phyicists is then trivial. The approach is consistent with the Weierstrass point of view: power series expansions, even if explicit expressions are not needed. By design, this approach cannot replace integrations that yield complex results. These can be obtained with an approach based on the Cauchy point of view, where the Cauchy-Riemann conditions come first and the theorem of residues comes last.

math.GM↗

arXiv2011

Opera's neutrinos and the Robertson test theory of the Lorentz transformations

The difference in light's travel time from CERN to GPS to Gran Sasso, on the one hand, and light going the direct route in vacuum (mimicked by neutrinos), on the other hand, is analyzed with a modified Robertson test theory of the Lorentz transformations. The modification consists simply in removing the restriction of what Robertson referred to as agreement to equate the to and from speeds of light. For reasons that will be contained in a paper to soon follow, we restrict ourselves, within the new freedom, to the case of preferred frame kinematics with absolute simultaneity. At the level of not assuming any concomitant dynamical changes in this alternative, the analysis yields \QTR{it}{zero effect}, i.e. no change with respect to special relativity (to be expected). The 60 ns would thus remain unexplained. However, a gravitation related effect that would likely accompany an alternative kinematics yields that value up to uncertainties due to the need to simplify the experimental set up for analysis. The effect amounts to $(λ/2)(D/c)(V/c)^{2}$, where $D$ is distance to GPS, $V$ is speed with respect to the frame of isotropy of the cosmic background radiation and $λ$ is a factor greater than 1, but likely not greater than 1.2 or 1.3, that reflects lack of precise knowledge of the average distance to the common view GPS satellite. A $λ$ factor of \ 1.2 yields 60 ns.

physics.gen-ph↗