Development of Ultrafast and Radiation-Hard GAGG for the Next-Generation of High-Energy Physics Calorimeters
The evolution of High Energy Physics (HEP) toward future collider experiments with High Luminosity (HL), such as the HL-LHC, requires the development of scintillating materials that combine high density, excellent radiation hardness and an ultrafast response. While Cerium-doped Gadolinium Aluminum Gallium Garnet (GAGG:Ce) offers a very high light yield and resilience to irradiation, its typical decay time of approximately 50-60 ns may lead to pile-up effects in high-rate environments. In this paper, we report on the development and multi-stage characterization of various accelerated GAGG compositions optimized for timing performance and grown by Crytur. By taking advantage of divalent co-doping to engineer the scintillation kinetics, we achieved an effective decay time (tau_d,eff) down to 5.5 ns while maintaining a competitive light yield of several thousand photons per MeV. Laboratory characterization demonstrates that the time resolution under gamma-ray excitation is comparable to commercial GAGG, while the time resolution measured with 120 GeV pions reaches performance levels comparable to state-of-the-art LYSO:Ce,Ca. After a 1 MGy proton irradiation campaign the material retains most of its optical transmission. The results confirm that this ultrafast GAGG composition is a viable candidate for the next generation of HEP calorimetry and timing detectors.