arXiv subjects

Julissa Sarmiento

Publications and source records attributed to Julissa Sarmiento.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

JWST Spectra Conclusively Show an Excess of Neutral Gas Outflows in Quiescent Galaxies at z=2-5

Galaxies exhibit a broad range of star formation activity, from actively star-forming to quiescent systems. Yet, the mechanisms responsible for the rapid shutdown and continued suppression of star formation remain poorly understood, particularly for the quiescent galaxies recently uncovered by JWST at $z>3$. Neutral gas outflows provide a direct tracer of gas removal and regulation in quiescent galaxies. We therefore present a NaID $\lambda\lambda5891,5897$ absorption--line stacking analysis of 274 galaxies at $z=2$--5 drawn from the DAWN JWST Archive (DJA) and the EMBER JWST program, using JWST/NIRSpec medium-resolution grating spectroscopy and NIRCam photometry. NaID absorption is detected in all quiescent galaxy stacks spanning $z=2$--5, providing the first statistical evidence that neutral gas outflows are a ubiquitous feature of quiescent galaxies in the early Universe. Compared to the non-quiescent galaxy stacks, the quiescent stacks show mass loading factors higher by 2--4 dex, with mass outflow rates $\dot{M}_{\rm out} \sim 9$--$30\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ elevated by $\sim0.5$--$1$ dex and outflow velocities $v_{\rm out} \sim 310$--$570\,{\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ higher by a factor of $\sim2$. The extreme mass loading factor values and declining star formation histories strongly indicate that these outflows cannot be driven by current star formation alone. In the statistically reliable quiescent redshift bins at $2 \leq z < 3$ and $3 \leq z < 4$, the elevated $[\mathrm{N\,II}]/\mathrm{H}\alpha$ and $[\mathrm{O\,III}]/\mathrm{H}\beta$ ratios are consistent with a possible AGN contribution, suggesting that non-stellar feedback may play a role in sustaining quiescence in galaxies at these epochs.

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arXiv2026

LEGGOS: A Shocking Lack of Evidence for Shocks at sub-kiloparsec Scales at 2 < z < 4

Here we present the first systematic search for shocks in six gravitationally lensed galaxies at 2.37 < z < 3.625 with JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy from the LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures (LEGGOS) survey. We employ diagnostics that utilize the fluxes and kinematics of shock-sensitive rest-frame optical emission lines H\b{eta}, [O iii] {\lambda}5008, [O i] {\lambda}6302, H{\alpha}, [N ii] {\lambda}6585, and [S ii] {\lambda}{\lambda}6718, 6733. We find that, on pixel, clump, and galaxy-integrated scales, the LEGGOS spectra show minimal if any evidence for shocks. The image plane pixels are < 8% within the shock regions of the rest-frame optical line ratio diagnostics for any individual galaxy, and the shock-identified pixels do not show a coherent spatial structure. We also leverage MAPPINGS V shock models to infer shock velocities from the observed emission lines, and find that the distributions of inferred shock velocities are inconsistent with those expected for shock-dominated gas. Altogether, none of these methods provide significant evidence for shocks in the six LEGGOS sources. We conclude by discussing the implications of the lack of evidence for shocks in the broader context of galaxy evolution at cosmic noon and earlier epochs.

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arXiv2026

LEGGOS III: Mapping Star Formation and Dust in Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies with $\textit{SUMAC}$, a UMAP and Clustering Framework

Strong gravitational lensing combined with JWST's spatio-spectral resolution enables resolved studies of star-forming regions in $z\sim$ 2-4 galaxies, but identifying and characterizing such regions in lensed integral-field and multi-band data remains a manual, observer-dependent process. We present $\texttt{SUMAC}$ (Software for the Uniform Manifold Approximation of Clumps), an unsupervised learning pipeline that segments JWST imaging and spectroscopy at the "spaxel" level by combining $\texttt{UMAP}$-based manifold embedding with $\texttt{HDBSCAN}$ density clustering applied to spectral energy distributions/spectra. We demonstrate the pipeline on JWST/NIRSpec PRISM IFS observations of the lensed galaxy SGAS111020.0+645950.8 at $z = 2.481$, recovering six physically distinct stellar/nebular populations. The cluster median SEDs separate cleanly on the presence and strength of H$\beta$+[OIII], H$\alpha$+[NII], $\beta_{NUV}$ slope, Balmer break strength, and the Balmer decrement, with bluer clusters tracing unobscured star-forming regions and progressively redder clusters tracing dusty star-forming regions.

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arXiv2026

LEGGOS II: A Strong Lens Model and Source-Plane Projection of the Clumpy Star-Forming Galaxy SGASJ111020.0+645950.8 at z=2.48

Strong gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters combined with the resolution of JWST enables studies of star formation on ~10-100 pc scales in galaxies at z~2-4. As part of the LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures survey (LEGGOS), we present an updated strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster SDSSJ1110+6459 (z=0.659), which lenses the clumpy star-forming galaxy SGASJ111020.0+645950.8 at z=2.481 into a highly magnified giant arc. Using JWST NIRCam imaging, NIRSpec spectroscopy, and archival HST data, we confirm and refine the identification of four multiply imaged background sources, including one newly identified system, and map over 20 luminous regions between each image of the primary arc. Spectroscopy confirms that several previously ambiguous edge "clumps" belong to the main arc at z=2.481. Despite the limited number of strongly lensed sources in the field, the resulting lens model has high precision, owing to the high density of JWST-resolved clump constraints that tightly probe the lensing potential near the giant arc. The model yields a projected lens mass of $M(<250~\mathrm{kpc}) = 1.21^{+0.09}_{-0.04} \times 10^{14}~M_\odot$, an Einstein radius of $\theta_\mathrm{E} = 10.8^{+0.3}_{-0.4}~\mathrm{arcsec}$, and a total effective magnification of $\mu_\mathrm{tot}=24.2^{+3.4}_{-1.2}$ for the giant arc. Across the arc, individual clump magnifications span $\mu_\mathrm{clump}\sim4-19$, with fractional magnification uncertainties of $\sigma_\mu/|\mu_{\rm best}|\sim0.03-0.09$. We report a $\sim2-8\times$ improvement in magnification precision over previous models. Ongoing and future analyses of this arc will enable robust measurements of star-forming structure, building on the lensing foundation established here for LEGGOS studies of galaxy growth and feedback during cosmic noon.

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arXiv2026

LEGGOS I: The JWST LEGGOS Survey -- LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures -- Unpacks the Nature of Clumpy Star Formation and Quenching in Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies beyond Cosmic Noon

We present first results from the JWST LEGGOS Survey (LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures), aimed at studying the physics of clumpy star formation and quenching in eight lensed galaxies at $z\sim2$--4. LEGGOS combines multiple Cycle 2 JWST GO programs (GO 4125, GO 3843) and Cycle 1 archival data, and utilizes strong gravitational lensing with NIRCam imaging and NIRSpec integral-field spectroscopy. LEGGOS targets UV-bright, highly magnified systems to resolve $\sim$10--200 pc regions in both rest-frame optical continuum and nebular emission. This overview paper describes the survey design, data reduction and calibration strategy, and science-quality data products, and highlights early examples demonstrating how spectroscopy breaks key degeneracies inherent to photometry-only clump studies, including identifying recent quenching in previously-thought UV star forming galaxies. We introduce a uniform analysis framework that jointly models lensing reconstruction, multi-band photometry, and integral field spectroscopy to disentangle multiple stellar populations within individual clumps and their surrounding diffuse regions. Using maps of Balmer recombination lines and key emission line diagnostic ratios, we connect star formation histories, dust attenuation, and nebular conditions on sub-kpc scales -- LEGGOS galaxies range from uniform metallicities across the whole galaxy, to having higher clump metallicities and harder ionization conditions relative to diffuse regions. The full survey dataset, with simultaneous flux and morphology constraints on clumpy source-plane regions, and a flexible spectrophotometric SPS modeling approach, provides a direct bridge between parsec-scale star formation physics and galaxy assembly at and beyond cosmic noon, offering a robust and efficient means of resolving star formation in the first galaxies.

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arXiv2025

JWST & the Waz Arc I: Spatially Resolving the Physical Conditions within a Post-Starburst Galaxy at Redshift 5 with NIRSpec IFS

We present NIRSpec/IFS observations of a rest-frame UV-bright, massive ($M_* \sim 10^{10}$ M$_\odot$, $z_{AB}=20.5$) galaxy highly magnified by gravitational-lensing observed just after the end of the epoch of reionization ($z=5.04$, $\bar{\mu}\sim90$). With JWST accessing the restframe UV and optical spectrum of this galaxy with high fidelity, we classify this UV-bright galaxy as post-starburst in nature -- due to weak/absent emission lines and strong absorption features -- making this an example of a new class of UV-bright but significantly quenched galaxies being discovered in this epoch. With a median $E(B-V)=0.44\pm0.14$, we identify the presence of stellar absorption across the arc both in Balmer lines and the MgII doublet, indicative of older stellar populations dominated by A stars (and potentially B stars). Using spatially-resolved maps of rest-optical strong emission lines, we find a heterogeneous distribution of nebular metallicities across the arc, potentially hinting at different enrichment processes. With a low median lensing-corrected H$\alpha$ star formation rate of SFR$_{H\alpha} = 0.024 \pm 0.001$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, we find in the most "star-forming" clumps indications of lower ionization (log$_{10}$U $\sim -3.2$), lower nebular metallicities (12+log$_{10}$O/H $\lesssim$ 8.3), and hints of higher densities that suggest a possible recent infall of more pristine (low metallicity) gas onto the galaxy. Investigating the regions with no detectable H$\beta$ emission, we find (for the first time at $z>5$) signatures of diffuse ionized gas (DIG). Separating DIG from HII regions within a galaxy has predominantly been demonstrated at lower redshifts, where such spatial resolution allows clear separation of such regions -- highlighting the immense power of gravitational lensing to enable studies at the smallest spatial scales at cosmic dawn.

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arXiv2025

JWST Catches a Strongly Gravitationally Lensed AGN In Transition from Type II to Type I

JWST has enabled the discovery of a statistical sample of obscured (type II) active galactic nuclei (AGN) at cosmic noon. Studies comparing those type II AGN with type I AGN at that epoch have reinforced the long-standing idea of an evolutionary link between those classes of objects. Mergers, the idea goes, disturb the morphologies and angular momentum of galaxies. The disruption of angular momentum allows material to be funneled toward galactic cores, sparking AGN activity and potentially also a burst of star-formation. That material enshrouds the galactic nucleus, leading to a type II AGN. Later, AGN feedback clears the circumnuclear dust, leading to a transition into a type I AGN, and also quenches star formation. If this is a common outcome, a class of intermediate objects should exist. Such objects would be somewhat disturbed and dusty and sit below the star-forming galaxy main sequence, and their star-formation histories would show an increase in star-formation at around the time of the suspected merger. We present new JWST observations of SDSSJ2222+2745, a strongly lensed AGN at z=2.801. The lensing magnification enables a detailed study of the host galaxy spanning the rest-ultraviolet through near infrared. JWST and HST photometry, morphological models, and models of the host's spectral energy distribution reveal that SDSSJ2222+2745 is actively transitioning from a type II to type I AGN. Catching a lensed AGN at this special evolutionary phase makes SDSSJ2222+2745 a unique laboratory to study the physical processes involved in the transition and their relationships to the AGN and the host galaxy at incredible spatial-resolution down to about 20pc at z=2.801.

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arXiv2024

Chandra detects low-luminosity AGN with $M_\mathrm{BH}=10^{4}-10^{6}~M_\mathrm{\odot}$ in nearby ($z<0.5$), dwarf and star-forming galaxies

We searched the Chandra and XMM archives for observations of 900 green pea galaxies to find AGN signatures. Green peas are low-mass galaxies with prominent emission lines, similar in size and star formation rate to high-redshift dwarf galaxies. Of the 29 observations found, 9 show X-ray detections with $S/N>3$. The 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity for these 9 sources exceeds $10^{40}~\mathrm{erg~s}^{-1}$, with 2 sources exceeding $10^{41}~\mathrm{erg~s}^{-1}$, suggesting the presence of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBH) or low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN) with BH masses between $100-10^6M_\mathrm{\odot}$. All X-ray detected sources (plus 6 additional sources) show He~II$\lambda4686$ emission and a broad component of the H$α$ emission line, indicating winds. The line widths of the broad H$α$ and He II$\lambda4686$ emitting gas clouds are weakly correlated ($R^{2}=0.15$), suggesting He II$\lambda4686$ emission is inconsistent with winds from super-Eddington accretors. However, the ratio of X-ray luminosity to star formation rate shows an anti-correlation with metallicity in 5 out of 9 X-ray detected sources, implying ultraluminous X-ray sources are key contributors to the observed X-ray luminosity. This could be due to super-Eddington accretors or IMBH. The X-ray emission is much higher than that produced by Wolf-Rayet stars and supernovae-driven winds. Thus, the X-ray luminosity in these 9 sources can only be explained by black holes with masses over $100~M_\mathrm{\odot}$. Our findings suggest the presence of LLAGN in these galaxies, with broad H$α$ line widths implying BH masses of $10^4-10^6M_\mathrm{\odot}$. Given Green Peas' role as significant Lyman Continuum leakers, LLAGN in these galaxies could have contributed significantly to cosmic reionization.

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