arXiv subjects

K. J. Duncan

Publications and source records attributed to K. J. Duncan.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2020

The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep Fields -- Data Release 1: IV. Photometric redshifts and stellar masses

The Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) is a sensitive, high-resolution 120-168 MHz survey split across multiple tiers over the northern sky. The first LoTSS Deep Fields data release consists of deep radio continuum imaging at 150 MHz of the Boötes, European Large Area Infrared Space Observatory Survey-North 1 (ELAIS-N1), and Lockman Hole fields, down to rms sensitivities of $\sim$32, 20, and 22 $μ$Jy beam$^{-1}$, respectively. In this paper we present consistent photometric redshift (photo-$z$) estimates for the optical source catalogues in all three fields - totalling over 7 million sources ($\sim5$ million after limiting to regions with the best photometric coverage). Our photo-$z$ estimation uses a hybrid methodology that combines template fitting and machine learning and is optimised to produce the best possible performance for the radio continuum selected sources and the wider optical source population. Comparing our results with spectroscopic redshift samples, we find a robust scatter ranging from 1.6 to 2% for galaxies and 6.4 to 7% for identified optical, infrared, or X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGN). Our estimated outlier fractions ($\left | z_{\text{phot}} - z_{\text{spec}} \right | / (1+z_{\text{spec}}) > 0.15$) for the corresponding subsets range from 1.5 to 1.8% and 18 to 22%, respectively. Replicating trends seen in analyses of previous wide-area radio surveys, we find no strong trend in photo-$z$ quality as a function of radio luminosity for a fixed redshift. We exploit the broad wavelength coverage available within each field to produce galaxy stellar mass estimates for all optical sources at $z < 1.5$. Stellar mass functions derived for each field are used to validate our mass estimates, with the resulting estimates in good agreement between each field and with published results from the literature.

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arXiv2020

The LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey: Deep Fields Data Release 1 -- III. Host-galaxy identifications and value added catalogues

We present the source associations, cross-identifications, and multi-wavelength properties of the faint radio source population detected in the deep tier of the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS): the LoTSS Deep Fields. The first LoTSS Deep Fields data release consists of deep radio imaging at 150~MHz of the ELAIS-N1, Lockman Hole, and Boötes fields, down to RMS sensitives of around 20, 22, and 32$~μ$Jy\,beam$^{-1}$, respectively. These fields are some of the best studied extra-galactic fields in the northern sky, with existing deep, wide-area panchromatic photometry from X-ray to infrared wavelengths, covering a total of $\approx$~26~\mbox{deg$^{2}$}. We first generated improved multi-wavelength catalogues in ELAIS-N1 and Lockman Hole; combined with the existing catalogue for Boötes, we present forced, matched aperture photometry for over 7.2 million sources across the three fields. We identified multi-wavelength counterparts to the radio detected sources, using a combination of the Likelihood Ratio method and visual classification, which greatly enhances the scientific potential of radio surveys and allows for the characterisation of the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the host galaxies. The final radio-optical cross-matched catalogue consists of 81\,951 radio-detected sources, with counterparts identified and multi-wavelength properties presented for 79\,820 ($>$97\%) sources. We also examine the properties of the host galaxies, and through stacking analysis find that the radio population with no identified counterpart is likely dominated by AGN at $z\sim3-4$. This dataset contains one of the largest samples of radio-selected star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) at these depths, making it ideal for studying the history of star-formation, and the evolution of galaxies and AGN across cosmic time.

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arXiv2020

LOFAR properties of SILVERRUSH Ly$α$ emitter candidates in the ELAIS-N1 field

Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs) in the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) offer valuable probes of early galaxy evolution and the process of reionization; however, the exact evolution of their abundance and the nature of their emission remain open questions. We combine samples of 229 and 349 LAE candidates at $z=5.7$ and $z=6.6,$ respectively, from the SILVERRUSH narrowband survey with deep Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio continuum observations in the ELAIS-N1 field to search for radio galaxies in the EoR and study the low-frequency radio properties of $z\gtrsim5.7$ LAE emitters. Our LOFAR observations reach an unprecedented noise level of $\sim20\,μ$Jy beam$^{-1}$ at 150MHz, and we detect five candidate LAEs at $>5σ$ significance. Based on detailed spectral energy distribution modelling of independent multi-wavelength observations, we conclude that these sources are likely [OII] emitters at $z=1.47$, yielding no reliable $z\gtrsim5.7$ radio galaxy candidates. We examine the 111 $z=5.7$ and $z=6.6$ LAE candidates from our panchromatic photometry catalogue that are undetected by LOFAR, finding contamination rates of 81-92% for the $z=5.7$ and $z=6.6$ subset of the LAE candidate samples. This subset is biased towards brighter magnitudes and redder near-infrared colours. The contamination rates of the full sample will therefore likely be lower than the reported values. Contamination is lowered significantly through constraints on the near-infrared colours, highlighting the need for infrared observations to robustly identify bright LAEs in narrowband surveys. Finally, the stacking of radio continuum observations for the robust LAE samples yields 2$σ$ upper limits on radio luminosity of 8.2$\times$10$^{23}$ and 8.7$\times$10$^{23}$ W Hz$^{-1}$ at $z=5.7$ and $6.6$, respectively, corresponding to limits on their median star-formation rates of $<$53 and $<$56 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$.

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arXiv2020

The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep fields: The star formation rate - radio luminosity relation at low frequencies

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between 150MHz luminosity and star formation rate (the SFR-L150 relation) using 150MHz measurements for a near-infrared selected sample of 118,517 $z<1$ galaxies. New radio survey data offer compelling advantages for studying star formation in galaxies, with huge increases in sensitivity, survey speed and resolution over previous generation surveys, and remaining impervious to extinction. The LOFAR Surveys Key Science Project is transforming our understanding of the low-frequency radio sky, with the 150MHz data over the ELAIS-N1 field reaching an RMS sensitivity of 20uJy/beam over 10 deg$^2$ at 6" resolution. All of the galaxies studied have SFR and stellar mass estimates derived from energy balance SED fitting, using redshifts and aperture-matched forced photometry from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) deep fields data release. The impact of active galactic nuclei is minimised by leveraging the deep ancillary data alongside outlier-resistant median-likelihood methods. We find a linear and non-evolving SFR-L150 relation, apparently consistent with expectations based on calorimetric arguments, down to the lowest SFRs. However, we also recover compelling evidence for stellar mass dependence in line with previous work on this topic, in the sense that higher mass galaxies have a larger 150MHz luminosity at a given SFR, suggesting that the overall agreement with calorimetric arguments may be a coincidence. We conclude that in the absence of AGN, 150MHz observations can be used to measure accurate galaxy SFRs out to $z=1$ at least, but it is necessary to account for stellar mass in order to obtain 150MHz-derived SFRs accurate to <0.5 dex. Our best-fit relation is $\log_{10} (L_\mathrm{150 MHz} / W\,Hz^{-1}) = (0.90\pm 0.01) \log_{10}(ψ/M_\odot\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}) + (0.33 \pm 0.04) \log_{10} (M/10^{10}M_\odot) + 22.22 \pm 0.02$. (Abridged)

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arXiv2020

The Chandra Deep Wide-Field Survey: A New Chandra Legacy Survey in the Boötes Field I. X-ray Point Source Catalog, Number Counts and Multi-Wavelength Counterparts

We present a new, ambitious survey performed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory of the 9.3 deg$^2$ Boötes field of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey. The wide field probes a statistically representative volume of the Universe at high redshift. The Chandra Deep Wide-Field Survey exploits the excellent sensitivity and angular resolution of Chandra over a wide area, combining 281 observations spanning 15 years, for a total exposure time of 3.4 Ms, and detects 6891 X-ray point sources down to limiting fluxes of $4.7\times10^{-16}$, $1.5\times10^{-16}$, and $9\times10^{-16}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, in the $0.5-7$ keV, $0.5-2$ keV, and $2-7$ keV bands, respectively. The robustness and reliability of the detection strategy is validated through extensive, state-of-the-art simulations of the whole field. Accurate number counts, in good agreement with previous X-ray surveys, are derived thanks to the uniquely large number of point sources detected, which resolve $65.0 \pm 12.8\%$ of the cosmic X-ray background between $0.5-2$ keV and $81.0 \pm 11.5\%$ between $2-7$ keV. Exploiting the wealth of multi-wavelength data available on the field, we assign redshifts to $\sim 94\%$ of the X-ray sources, estimate their obscuration and derive absorption-corrected luminosities. We provide an electronic catalog containing all the relevant quantities needed for future investigations.

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arXiv2020

Alignment in the orientation of LOFAR radio sources

Various studies have laid claim to finding an alignment of the polarization vectors or radio jets of active galactic nuclei (AGN) over large distances, but these results have proven controversial and so far, there is no clear explanation for this observed alignment. To investigate this case further, we tested the hypothesis that the position angles of radio galaxies are randomly oriented in the sky by using data from the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). A sample of 7,555 double-lobed radio galaxies was extracted from the list of 318,520 radio sources in the first data release of LoTSS at 150 MHz. We performed statistical tests for uniformity of the two-dimensional (2D) orientations for the complete 7,555 source sample. We also tested the orientation uniformity in three dimensions (3D) for the 4,212 source sub-sample with photometric or spectroscopic redshifts. Our sample shows a significant deviation from uniformity (p-value < $10^{-5}$) in the 2D analysis at angular scales of about four degrees, mainly caused by sources with the largest flux densities. No significant alignment was found in the 3D analysis. Although the 3D analysis has access to fewer sources and suffers from uncertainties in the photometric redshift, the lack of alignment in 3D points towards the cause of the observed effect being unknown systematics or biases that predominantly affect the brightest sources, although this has yet to be demonstrated irrefutably and should be the subject of subsequent studies.

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arXiv2020

The life cycle of radio galaxies in the LOFAR Lockman Hole field

Radio galaxies are known to go through cycles of activity, where phases of apparent quiescence can be followed by repeated activity of the central supermassive black hole. A better understanding of this cycle is crucial for ascertaining the energetic impact that the jets have on the host galaxy, but little is known about it. We used deep LOFAR images at 150 MHz of the Lockman Hole extragalactic field to select a sample of 158 radio sources with sizes $> 60^{\prime\prime}$ in different phases of their jet life cycle. Using a variety of criteria (e.g. core prominence combined with low-surface brightness of the extended emission and steep spectrum of the central region) we selected a subsample of candidate restarted radio galaxies representing between 13% and 15% of the 158 sources of the main sample. We compare their properties to the rest of the sample, which consists of remnant candidates and active radio galaxies. Optical identifications and characterisations of the host galaxies indicate similar properties for candidate restarted, remnant, and active radio galaxies, suggesting that they all come from the same parent population. The fraction of restarted radio galaxies is slightly higher with respect to remnants, suggesting that the restarted phase can often follow after a relatively short remnant phase (the duration of the remnant phase being a few times 10$^{7}$ years). This confirms that the remnant and restarted phases are integral parts of the life cycle of massive elliptical galaxies. A preliminary investigation does not suggest a strong dependence of this cycle on the environment surrounding any given galaxy.

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arXiv2019

Giant radio galaxies in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey-I

Giant radio galaxies (GRGs) are a subclass of radio galaxies which have grown to megaparsec scales. GRGs are much rarer than normal sized radio galaxies (< 0.7 Mpc) and the reason for their gigantic sizes is still debated. Here, we report the biggest sample of GRGs identified to date. These objects were found in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) first data release images, which cover a 424 square degrees region. Of the 239 GRGs found, 225 are new discoveries. The GRGs in our sample have sizes ranging from 0.7 to 3.5 Mpc and have redshifts (z) between 0.1 and 2.3. Seven GRGs have sizes above 2 Mpc and one has a size of ~ 3.5 Mpc. The sample contains 40 GRGs hosted by spectroscopically confirmed quasars. Here, we present the search techniques employed and the resulting catalogue of the newly discovered large sample of GRGs along with their radio properties. We, here also show for the first time that the spectral index of GRGs is similar to that of normal sized radio galaxies, indicating that most of the GRG population is not dead or is not like remnant type radio galaxy. We find 20/239 GRGs in our sample are located at the centres of clusters and present our analysis on their cluster environment and radio morphology.

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arXiv2019

VLT/SINFONI study of black hole growth in high redshift radio-loud quasars from the CARLA survey

We present VLT/SINFONI observations of 35 quasars at 2.1 < z < 3.2, the majority of which were selected from the Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (CARLA) survey. CARLA quasars have large CIV-based black hole (BH) masses (M(BH) > 10^9 Msun) and powerful radio emission (P(500MHz) > 27.5 W/Hz). We estimate Ha-based M(BH), finding a scatter of 0.35 dex compared to CIV. We evaluate several recipes for correcting CIV-based masses, which reduce the scatter to 0.24 dex. The radio power of the radio-loud quasars is at most weakly correlated with the interconnected quantities Ha-width, L(5100A) and M(BH), suggesting that it is governed by different physical processes. However, we do find a strong inverse correlation between CIV blueshift and radio power linked to higher Eddington ratios and L(5100A). Under standard assumptions, the BH growth time is longer than the cosmic age for many CARLA quasars, suggesting that they must have experienced more efficient growth in the past. If these BHs were growing from seeds since the epoch of reionization, it is possible that they grew at the Eddington limit like the quasars at z ~ 6-7, and then continued to grow at the reduced rates observed until z ~ 2-3. Finally, we study the relation between M(BH) and environment, finding a weak positive correlation between M(BH) and galaxy density measured by CARLA.

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arXiv2019

The nature of faint radio galaxies at high redshifts

We present spectra and near-infrared images of a sample of faint radio sources initially selected as promising high-redshift radio galaxy (HzRG) candidates. We have determined redshifts for a total of 13 radio galaxies with redshifts ranging from $0.52\le z \le 5.72$. Our sample probes radio luminosities that are almost an order of magnitude fainter than previous large samples at the highest redshifts. We use near-infrared photometry for a subsample of these galaxies to calculate stellar masses using simple stellar population models, and find stellar masses to be in the range $10^{10.8} - 10^{11.7} M_\odot$. We then compare our faint radio galaxies with brighter radio galaxies at $z\ge2$ from the literature. We find that fainter radio galaxies have lower Ly$α$ luminosities and narrower full width at half maxima compared to the bright ones, implying photoionisation by weaker AGN. We also rule out the presence of strong shocks in faint HzRGs. The stellar masses determined for faint HzRGs are lower than what has been observed for brighter ones. We find that faint HzRG population in the redshift range $2-4$ forms a bridge between star-forming and narrow-line AGN, whereas the ones at $z>4$ are dominated by star-formation, and may be building up their stellar mass through cold accretion of gas. Finally, we show that the overall redshift evolution of radio sizes at $z>2$ is fully compatible with increased inverse Compton scattering losses at high redshifts.

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arXiv2019

A LOFAR-IRAS cross-match study: the far-infrared radio correlation and the 150-MHz luminosity as a star-formation rate

Aims. We aim to study the far-infrared radio correlation (FIRC) at 150 MHz in the local Universe (at a median redshift z~0:05) and improve the use of the rest-frame 150-MHz luminosity, L150, as a star-formation rate (SFR) tracer, which is unaffected by dust extinction. Methods. We cross-match the 60-um selected Revised IRAS Faint Source Survey Redshift (RIFSCz) catalogue and the 150-MHz selected LOFAR value-added source catalogue in the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) Spring Field. We estimate L150 for the cross-matched sources and compare it with the total infrared (IR) luminosity, LIR, and various SFR tracers. Results. We find a tight linear correlation between log L150 and log LIR for star-forming galaxies, with a slope of 1.37. The median qIR value (defined as the logarithm of the LIR to L150 ratio) and its rms scatter of our main sample are 2.14 and 0.34, respectively. We also find that log L150 correlates tightly with the logarithm of SFR derived from three different tracers, i.e., SFR_Halpha based on the Halpha line luminosity, SFR_60 based on the rest-frame 60-um luminosity and SFR_IR based on LIR, with a scatter of 0.3 dex. Our best-fit relations between L150 and these SFR tracers are, log L150 (Lsun) = 1.35(0.06) x log SFR_Halpha (Msun/yr) + 3.20(0.06), log L150 (Lsun) = 1.31(0.05) x log SFR_60 (Msun/yr) + 3.14(0.06), and log L150 (Lsun) = 1.37(0.05) x log SFR_IR (Msun/yr) + 3.09(0.05), which show excellent agreement with each other.

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arXiv2019

Revisiting the Fanaroff-Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)

The relative positions of the high and low surface brightness regions of radio-loud active galaxies in the 3CR sample were found by Fanaroff and Riley to be correlated with their luminosity. We revisit this canonical relationship with a sample of 5805 extended radio-loud AGN from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), compiling the most complete dataset of radio-galaxy morphological information obtained to date. We demonstrate that, for this sample, radio luminosity does *not* reliably predict whether a source is edge-brightened (FRII) or centre-brightened (FRI). We highlight a large population of low-luminosity FRIIs, extending three orders of magnitude below the traditional FR break, and demonstrate that their host galaxies are on average systematically fainter than those of high-luminosity FRIIs and of FRIs matched in luminosity. This result supports the jet power/environment paradigm for the FR break: low-power jets may remain undisrupted and form hotspots in lower mass hosts. We also find substantial populations that appear physically distinct from the traditional FR classes, including candidate restarting sources and ``hybrids''. We identify 459 bent-tailed sources, which we find to have a significantly higher SDSS cluster association fraction (at $z<0.4$) than the general radio-galaxy population, similar to the results of previous work. The complexity of the LoTSS faint, extended radio sources demonstrates the need for caution in the automated classification and interpretation of extended sources in modern radio surveys, but also reveals the wealth of morphological information such surveys will provide and its value for advancing our physical understanding of radio-loud AGN.

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arXiv2019

The Spectral Energy Distributions of Active Galactic Nuclei

We present ongoing work on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), derived from X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared and radio photometry and spectroscopy. Our work is motivated by new wide-field imaging surveys that will identify vast numbers of AGNs, and by the need to benchmark AGN SED fitting codes. We have constructed 41 SEDs of individual AGNs and 80 additional SEDs that mimic Seyfert spectra. All of our SEDs span 0.09 to 30 microns, while some extend into the X-ray and/or radio. We have tested the utility of the SEDs by using them to generate AGN photometric redshifts, and they outperform SEDs from the prior literature, including reduced redshift errors and flux density residuals.

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arXiv2019

Optical detection of a GMRT-detected candidate high-redshift radio galaxy with 3.6-m Devasthal optical telescope

We report optical observations of TGSS J1054+5832, a candidate high-redshift ($z=4.8\pm2$) steep-spectrum radio galaxy, in $r$ and $i$ bands using the faint object spectrograph and camera mounted on 3.6-m Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT). The source previously detected at 150 MHz from Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope and at 1420 MHz from Very Large Array has a known counterpart in near-infrared bands with $K$-band magnitude of AB 22. The source is detected in $i$-band with AB$24.3\pm0.2$ magnitude in the DOT images presented here. The source remains undetected in the $r$-band image at a 2.5$σ$ depth of AB 24.4 mag over an $1.2''\times1.2''$ aperture. An upper limit to $i-K$ color is estimated to be $\sim$2.3, suggesting youthfulness of the galaxy with active star formation. These observations highlight the importance and potential of the 3.6-m DOT for detections of faint galaxies.

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arXiv2018

The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) III. First Data Release: optical/IR identifications and value-added catalogue

The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) is an ongoing sensitive, high-resolution 120-168 MHz survey of the Northern sky with diverse and ambitious science goals. Many of the scientific objectives of LoTSS rely upon, or are enhanced by, the association or separation of the sometimes incorrectly catalogued radio components into distinct radio sources, and the identification and characterisation of the optical counterparts to these sources. Here we present the source associations and optical and/or IR identifications for sources in the first data release, which are made using a combination of statistical techniques and visual association and identification. We document in detail the colour- and magnitude-dependent likelihood ratio method used for statistical identification as well as the Zooniverse project, called LOFAR Galaxy Zoo, used for the visual classification. We describe the process used to select which of these two different methods is most appropriate for each LoTSS source. The final LoTSS-DR1-IDs value-added catalogue presented contains 318,520 radio sources, of which 231,716 (73%) have optical and/or IR identifications in Pan-STARRS and WISE. The value-added catalogue is available online at https://lofar-surveys.org/, as part of this data release.

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arXiv2018

The origin of radio emission in broad absorption line quasars: Results from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey

We present a study of the low-frequency radio properties of broad absorption line quasars (BALQSOs) from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky-Survey Data Release 1 (LDR1). The value-added LDR1 catalogue contains Pan-STARRS counterparts, which we match with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR7 and DR12 quasar catalogues. We find that BALQSOs are twice as likely to be detected at 144$\,$MHz than their non-BAL counterparts, and BALQSOs with low-ionisation species present in their spectra are three times more likely to be detected than those with only high-ionisation species. The BALQSO fraction at 144$\,$MHz is constant with increasing radio luminosity, which is inconsistent with previous results at 1.4$\,$GHz, indicating that observations at the different frequencies may be tracing different sources of radio emission. We cross-match radio sources between the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) survey and LDR1, which provides a bridge via the LDR1 Pan-STARRS counterparts to identify BALQSOs in SDSS. Consequently we expand the sample of BALQSOs detected in FIRST by a factor of three. The LDR1-detected BALQSOs in our sample are almost exclusively radio-quiet (\logr $\,<2$), with radio sizes at 144$\,$MHz typically less than $200\,$kpc; these radio sizes tend to be larger than those at 1.4$\,$GHz, suggesting more extended radio emission at low frequencies. We find that although the radio detection fraction increases with increasing balnicity index (BI), there is no correlation between BI and either low-frequency radio power or radio-loudness. This suggests that both radio emission and BI may be linked to the same underlying process, but are spatially distinct phenomena.

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arXiv2018

The LoTSS view of radio AGN in the local Universe. The most massive galaxies are always switched on

This paper presents a study of the local radio source population, by cross-comparing the data from the first data release (DR1) of the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR7 main galaxy spectroscopic sample. The LoTSS DR1 provides deep data (median rms noise of 71 $\mathrmμ$Jy at 150 MHz) over 424 square degrees of sky, which is sufficient to detect 10615 (32 per cent) of the SDSS galaxies over this sky area. An improved method to separate active galactic nuclei (AGN) accurately from sources with radio emission powered by star formation (SF) is developed and applied, leading to a sample of 2121 local ($z < 0.3$) radio AGN. The local 150 MHz luminosity function is derived for radio AGN and SF galaxies separately, and the good agreement with previous studies at 1.4 GHz suggests that the separation method presented is robust. The prevalence of radio AGN activity is confirmed to show a strong dependence on both stellar and black hole masses, remarkably reaching a fraction of 100 per cent of the most massive galaxies ($> 10^{11} \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$) displaying radio-AGN activity with $L_{\rm 150 MHz} \geq 10^{21}$W Hz$^{-1}$; thus, the most massive galaxies are always switched on at some level. The results allow the full Eddington-scaled accretion rate distribution (a proxy for the duty cycle) to be probed for massive galaxies. More than 50 per cent of the energy is released during the $\le 2$ per cent of the time spent at the highest accretion rates, $L_{\mathrm{mech}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}} > 10^{-2.5}$. Stellar mass is shown to be a more important driver of radio-AGN activity than black hole mass, suggesting a possible connection between the fuelling gas and the surrounding halo. This result is in line with models in which these radio AGN are essential for maintaining the quenched state of galaxies at the centres of hot gas haloes.

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arXiv2018

Radio-loud AGN in the first LoTSS data release: The lifetimes and environmental impact of jet-driven sources

We constructed a sample of 23,344 radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGN) from the catalogue derived from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) survey of the HETDEX Spring field. Although separating AGN from star-forming galaxies remains challenging, the combination of spectroscopic and photometric techniques we used gives us one of the largest available samples of candidate RLAGN. We used the sample, combined with recently developed analytical models, to investigate the lifetime distribution of RLAGN. We show that large or giant powerful RLAGN are probably the old tail of the general RLAGN population, but that the low-luminosity RLAGN candidates in our sample, many of which have sizes $<100$ kpc, either require a very different lifetime distribution or have different jet physics from the more powerful objects. We then used analytical models to develop a method of estimating jet kinetic powers for our candidate objects and constructed a jet kinetic luminosity function based on these estimates. These values can be compared to observational quantities, such as the integrated radiative luminosity of groups and clusters, and to the predictions from models of RLAGN feedback in galaxy formation and evolution. In particular, we show that RLAGN in the local Universe are able to supply all the energy required per comoving unit volume to counterbalance X-ray radiative losses from groups and clusters and thus prevent the hot gas from cooling. Our computation of the kinetic luminosity density of local RLAGN is in good agreement with other recent observational estimates and with models of galaxy formation.

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