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K. Riisager

Publications and source records attributed to K. Riisager.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Systematic investigation of projectile fragmentation using beams of unstable B and C isotopes

Background: Models describing nuclear fragmentation and fragmentation-fission deliver important input for planning nuclear physics experiments and future radioactive ion beam facilities. These models are usually benchmarked against data from stable beam experiments. In the future, two-step fragmentation reactions with exotic nuclei as stepping stones are a promising tool to reach the most neutron-rich nuclei, creating a need for models to describe also these reactions. Purpose: We want to extend the presently available data on fragmentation reactions towards the light exotic region on the nuclear chart. Furthermore, we want to improve the understanding of projectile fragmentation especially for unstable isotopes. Method: We have measured projectile fragments from 10,12-18C and 10-15B isotopes colliding with a carbon target. These measurements were all performed within one experiment, which gives rise to a very consistent dataset. We compare our data to model calculations. Results: One-proton removal cross sections with different final neutron numbers (1pxn) for relativistic 10,12-18C and 10-15B isotopes impinging on a carbon target. Comparing model calculations to the data, we find that EPAX is not able to describe the data satisfactorily. Using ABRABLA07 on the other hand, we find that the average excitation energy per abraded nucleon needs to be decreased from 27 MeV to 8.1 MeV. With that decrease ABRABLA07 describes the data surprisingly well. Conclusions: Extending the available data towards light unstable nuclei with a consistent set of new data have allowed for a systematic investigation of the role of the excitation energy induced in projectile fragmentation. Most striking is the apparent mass dependence of the average excitation energy per abraded nucleon. Nevertheless, this parameter, which has been related to final-state interactions, requires further study.

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Beta-delayed proton emission from $^{21}$Mg

Beta-delayed proton emission from $^{21}$Mg has been measured at ISOLDE, CERN, with a detection setup including particle identification capabilities. $β$-delayed protons with center of mass energies between 0.39$\,$MeV and 7.2$\,$MeV were measured and used to determine the half life of $^{21}$Mg as $118.6\pm 0.5\,$ms. From a line shape fit of the $βp$ branches we extract spectroscopic information about the resonances of $^{21}$Na. Finally an improved interpretation of the decay scheme in accordance with the results obtained in reaction studies is presented.

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Systematic trends in beta-delayed particle emitting nuclei: The case of beta-p-alpha emission from 21Mg

We have observed beta+-delayed alpha and p-alpha emission from the proton-rich nucleus 21Mg produced at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. The assignments were cross-checked with a time distribution analysis. This is the third identified case of beta-p-alpha emission. We discuss the systematic of beta-delayed particle emission decays, show that our observed decays fit naturally into the existing pattern, and argue that the patterns are to a large extent caused by odd-even effects.

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Broad resonances and beta-decay

Beta-decay into broad resonances gives a distorted lineshape in the observed energy spectrum. Part of the distortion arises from the phase space factor, but we show that the beta-decay matrix element may also contribute. Based on a schematic model for p-wave continuum neutron states it is argued that beta-decay directly to the continuum should be considered as a possible contributing mechanism in many decays close to the driplines. The signatures in R-matrix fits for such decays directly to continuum states are discussed and illustrated through an analysis of the beta-decay of $^8$B into $2^+$ states in $^8$Be.

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Borromean structures in medium-heavy nuclei

Borromean nuclear cluster structures are expected at the corresponding driplines. We locate the regions in the nuclear chart with the most promising constituents, it being protons and alpha-particles and investigate in details the properties of the possible borromean two-alpha systems in medium heavy nuclei. We find in all cases that the alpha-particles are located at the surface of the core-nucleus as dictated by Coulomb and centrifugal barriers. The two lowest three-body bound states resemble a slightly contracted $^{8}\text{Be}$ nucleus outside the core. The next two excited states have more complex structures but with strong components of linear configurations with the core in the middle. Alpha-removal cross sections would be enhanced with specific signatures for these two different types of structures. The even-even borromean two-alpha nucleus, $^{142}$Ba, is specifically investigated and predicted to have $^{134}\text{Te}-α-α$ structure in its ground state and low-lying spectrum.

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Assessing the accuracy of Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations by use of mass relations

The accuracy of three different sets of Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations of nuclear binding energies is systematically evaluated. To emphasize minor fluctuations, a second order, four-point mass relation, which almost completely eliminates smooth aspects of the binding energy, is introduced. Applying this mass relation yields more scattered results for the calculated binding energies. By examining the Gaussian distributions of the non-smooth aspects which remain, structural differences can be detected between measured and calculated binding energies. Substructures in regions of rapidly changing deformation, specifically around $(N,Z)=(60,40)$ and $(90,60)$, are clearly seen for the measured values, but are missing from the calculations. A similar three-point mass relation is used to emphasize odd-even effects. A clear decrease with neutron excess is seen continuing outside the experimentally known region for the calculations.

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Extrapolations of nuclear binding energies from new linear mass relations

We present a method to extrapolate nuclear binding energies from known values for neighbouring nuclei. We select four specific mass relations constructed to eliminate smooth variation of the binding energy as function nucleon numbers. The fast odd-even variations are avoided by comparing nuclei with same parity. The mass relations are first tested and shown to either be rather accurately obeyed or revealing signatures of quickly varying structures. Extrapolations are initially made for a nucleus by applying each of these relations. Very reliable estimates are then produced either by an average or by choosing the extrapolation where the smoothest structures enter. Corresponding mass relations for $Q_α$ values are used to study the general structure of super-heavy elements. A minor neutron shell at $N = 152$ is seen, but no sign of other shell structures are apparent in the super-heavy region. Accuracies are typically substantially better than $0.5$~MeV.

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Global phenomenological descriptions of nuclear odd-even mass staggering

We examine the general nature of nuclear odd-even mass differences by employing neutron and proton mass relations that emphasize these effects. The most recent mass tables are used. The possibility of a neutron excess dependence of the staggering is examined in detail in separate regions defined by the main nuclear shells, and a clear change in this dependency is found at $Z=50$ for both neutrons and protons. A further separation into odd and even neutron (proton) number produces very accurate local descriptions of the mass differences for each type of nucleons. These odd-even effects are combined into a global phenomenological expression, ready to use in a binding energy formula. The results deviate from previous parametrizations, and in particular found to be significantly superior to a recent two term, $A^{-1}$ dependence.

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Sizeable beta-strength in 31Ar(beta-3p) decay

We present for the first time precise spectroscopic information on the recently discovered decay mode beta-delayed 3p-emission. The detection of the 3p events gives an increased sensitivity to the high energy part of the Gamow-Teller strength distribution from the decay of 31Ar revealing that as much as 30% of the strength resides in the beta-3p decay mode. A simplified description of how the main decay modes evolve as the excitation energy increases in 31Cl is provided.

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Multi-particle emission in the decay of 31Ar

A multi-hit capacity setup was used to study the decay of the dripline nucleus 31Ar, produced at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. A spectroscopic analysis of the beta-delayed three-proton decay of 31Ar is presented for the first time together with a quantitative analysis of the beta-delayed two-proton-gamma-decay. A new method for determination of the spin of low-lying levels in the beta-proton-daughter 30S using proton-proton angular correlations is presented and used for the level at 5.2 MeV, which is found to be either a 3+ or 4+ level, with the data pointing towards the 3+. The half-life of 31Ar is found to be 15.1(3) ms. An improved analysis of the Fermi beta-strength gives a total measured branching for the beta-3p-decay of 3.60(44) %, which is lower than the theoretical value found to be 4.24(43) %. Finally the strongest gamma-transitions in the decay of 33Ar are shown including a line at 4734(3) keV associated to the decay of the IAS, which has not previously been identified.

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Higher-order Brunnian structures and possible physical realizations

We consider few-body bound state systems and provide precise definitions of Borromean and Brunnian systems. The initial concepts are more than a hundred years old and originated in mathematical knot-theory as purely geometric considerations. About thirty years ago they were generalized and applied to the binding of systems in nature. It now appears that recent generalization to higher order Brunnian structures may potentially be realized as laboratory made or naturally occurring systems. With the binding energy as measure, we discuss possibilities of physical realization in nuclei, cold atoms, and condensed matter systems. Appearance is not excluded. However, both the form and the strengths of the interactions must be rather special. The most promising subfields for present searches would be in cold atoms because of external control of effective interactions, or perhaps in condensed-matter systems with non-local interactions. In nuclei, it would only be by sheer luck due to a lack of tunability.

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11Be(beta-p), a quasi-free neutron decay?

We have observed beta-delayed proton emission from the neutron-rich nucleus 11Be by analysing a sample collected at the ISOLDE facility at CERN with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). With a branching ratio of (8.4 +- 0.6) 10^{-6} the strength of this decay mode, as measured by the B(GT)-value, is unexpectedly high. The result is discussed within a simple single-particle model and could be interpreted as a quasi-free decay of the 11Be halo neutron into a single-proton state.

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Study of bound states in 12Be through low-energy 11Be(d,p)-transfer reactions

The bound states of 12Be have been studied through a 11Be(d,p)12Be transfer reaction experiment in inverse kinematics. A 2.8 MeV/u beam of 11Be was produced using the REX-ISOLDE facility at CERN. The outgoing protons were detected with the T-REX silicon detector array. The MINIBALL germanium array was used to detect gamma rays from the excited states in 12Be. The gamma-ray detection enabled a clear identification of the four known bound states in 12Be, and each of the states has been studied individually. Differential cross sections over a large angular range have been extracted. Spectroscopic factors for each of the states have been determined from DWBA calculations and have been compared to previous experimental and theoretical results.

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Beyond the Neutron Drip-Line: The Unbound Oxygen Isotopes 25O and 26O

The very neutron-rich oxygen isotopes 25O and 26O are investigated experimentally and theoret- ically. In this first R3B-LAND experiment, the unbound states are populated at GSI via proton- knockout reactions from 26F and 27F at relativistic energies around 450 MeV/nucleon. From the kinematically complete measurement of the decay into 24O plus one or two neutrons, the 25O ground- state energy and lifetime are determined, and upper limits for the 26O ground state are extracted. In addition, the results provide evidence for an excited state in 26O at around 4 MeV. The ex- perimental findings are compared to theoretical shell-model calculations based on chiral two- and three-nucleon (3N) forces, including for the first time residual 3N forces, which are shown to be amplified as valence neutrons are added.

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Improved time-interval analysis

Several extensions of the halflife analysis method recently suggested by Horvat and Hardy are put forward. Goodness-of-fit testing is included, and the method is extended to cases where more information is available for each decay event which allows applications also for e.g. $γ$ decay data. The results are tested with Monte Carlo simulations and are applied to the decays of $^{64}$Cu and $^{56}$Mn.

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Relative proton and gamma widths of astrophysically important states in 30S studied in the beta-decay of 31Ar

Resonances just above the proton threshold in 30S affect the 29P(p,gamma)30S reaction under astrophysical conditions. The (p,gamma)-reaction rate is currently determined indirectly and depends on the properties of the relevant resonances. We present here a method for finding the ratio between the proton and gamma partial widths of resonances in 30S. The widths are determined from the beta-2p and beta-p-gamma decay of 31Ar, which is produced at the ISOLDE facility at the European research organization CERN. Experimental limits on the ratio between the proton and gamma partial widths for astrophysical relevant levels in 30S have been found for the first time. A level at 4688(5) keV is identified in the gamma spectrum, and an upper limit on the proton to gamma width of 0.26 (95 % C.L.) is found. In the two-proton spectrum two levels at 5227(3) keV and 5847(4) keV are identified. These levels are previously seen to gamma decay and upper limits on the gamma to proton width of 0.5 and 9, respectively, (95 % C.L.) are found, where the latter differs from previous calculations.

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Rare $β$p decays in light nuclei

Beta-delayed proton emission may occur at very low rates in the decays of the light nuclei $^{11}$Be and $^8$B. This paper explores the potential physical significance of such decays, estimates their rates and reports on first attempts to detect them: an experiment at ISOLDE/CERN gives a branching ratio for $^{11}$Be of $(2.5 \pm 2.5) \cdot 10^{-6}$ and an experiment at JYFL a 95% confidence upper limit of $2.6 \cdot 10^{-5}$ for $^8$B.

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Halos and related structures

The halo structure originated in nuclear physics but is now encountered more widely. It appears in loosely bound, clustered systems where the spatial extension of the system is significantly larger than that of the binding potentials. A review is given on our current understanding of these structures, with an emphasis on how the structures evolve as more cluster components are added, and on the experimental situation concerning halo states in light nuclei.

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