Gravitational and other shifts of whispering gallery and gravitational state interference patterns of light neutral particles
We discuss small shifts in the interference patterns of gravitational and whispering gallery quantum states that can be observed with neutrons, atoms, antiatoms, muonium, positronium, and other particles. A gravitational shift of interference patterns of neutron gravitational and whispering-gallery states can be easily observed with cold, very cold, or ultracold neutrons. The developed methods can be used for observing/searching for other shifts in fundamental neutron physics experiments, for instance, for measuring the gravitational constant or constraining the neutron electric charge. A series of such measurements will be made with neutrons at the PF1B/PF2/D17 facilities at the ILL. A peculiar feature of analogous atomic (anti-atomic) experiments is the much smaller effective critical energies of the materials of mirrors for (anti)atoms. We evaluated parameters that make a measurement of the hydrogen and antihydrogen whispering-gallery states and their gravitational shifts feasible. A series of such measurements will be made with hydrogen and deuterium atoms by the GRASIAN collaboration in Vienna and Turku. Such a measurement with antihydrogen atoms may be of interest for the GBAR experiment, the ASACUSA experiment, which is producing a beam of slow antihydrogen atoms, and other experiments at CERN, which study the gravitational properties of antimatter. Quantum reflection of muonium and positronium from material surfaces opens the possibility of observing whispering-galley states, although such measurements remain experimentally challenging. Because of small masses of muonium and positronium, the effective critical energies of the mirror materials are much higher for them than the effective critical energies for hydrogen and other atoms. The observation of gravitational shifts of such states is particularly demanding because of the extremely short lifetimes of these systems.