arXiv subjects

K. Wiersema

Publications and source records attributed to K. Wiersema.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Magnetar counterparts, kinematics and birth sites with HST and JWST

Magnetars are highly magnetised, isolated neutron stars with uncertain formation channels. They comprise a potentially significant fraction of the young neutron star population in the Milky Way, and are implicated in the explosion mechanisms of some of the most powerful explosions in nature. We aim to identify magnetars in the near-infrared with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) imaging, in order to measure their proper motions and search for their birth sites. Candidate infrared counterparts are selected based on variability, colours and proper motions which are outliers with respect to sources in the field. Proper motions are obtained by tying HST and JWST images to the Gaia absolute astrometric reference frame. We newly identify infrared counterparts for PSRJ1622-4950, 1RXSJ170849.0-400910 and CXOUJ164710.2-455216, representing a substantial increase in the population. The past trajectory of the 1RXSJ170849.0-400910-associated source coincides with the supernova remnant G346.6-0.2. The transverse velocity distribution is found to be marginally inconsistent with young pulsars, due primarily to a dearth of high velocity magnetars. A candidate birth site is identified in nearly every case. We show, based on the inferred kinematic ages, that magnetar characteristic ages may frequently be lower than the true age, but caution that this depends on the reliability of the birth site associations. We conclude that magnetars are broadly similar in terms of their kinematics and birth sites to the wider Galactic neutron star population, consistent with magnetar formation being a common outcome of core-collapse. However, tentative evidence for a dearth of high-velocity magnetars is emerging. If real, this may arise from physical differences in the progenitor population giving rise to magnetars, or from differences in their post-formation velocity evolution.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

Searching for outbursts from Symbiotic Binaries in GOTO and ATLAS data

Symbiotic Binaries contain a white dwarf accreting material from a red giant star through a wind. We present the results of a search for outbursts from Symbiotic Binaries using photometric data obtained using the GOTO all-sky survey taken from 2023 onwards. After identifying ten candidate outbursting systems, we used ATLAS photometry to characterise their photometric behaviour before 2023, leaving five systems which showed photometric behaviour consistent with an outburst. The ATLAS data showed how important the photometric history of an object is in determining whether a photometric feature is a likely outburst event. The outburst from LMC N67 is the first reported Z And-type outburst from a Symbiotic binary in the LMC. OGLE SMC-LPV-4044 and HK Sco show previously unreported outbursts. QW Sge and V4141 Sgr show outbursts starting in 2024, which have already been reported and are ongoing. By better identifying and characterising Z And-type outbursts from many systems, it will be possible to better understand the physics of these events, which are still not fully understood.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) data pipeline and workflow for transient discovery

Wide-field and high-cadence sky surveys are the first step in the chain of discovery and characterisation of astrophysical transients such as supernovae, kilonovae, and tidal disruption events, each linked to the varied demise of stellar systems. The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) is a telescope array of thirty-two 40 cm unit telescopes split over two almost antipodal sites. It performs a regular time-domain sky-survey in the optical to ~20 mag in addition to immediate scheduling of follow-up observations at the locations of external multi-wavelength and -messenger triggers. To facilitate the timely recovery of optical counterparts to these triggers, as well as the presence of serendipitous discoveries of astrophysical transients in the regular sky-survey, a low-latency data pipeline and workflow was developed. The implementation of this workflow is described herein and the quality of GOTO data delivered by it assessed, alongside its performance for prompt transient recovery. Utilising difference image analysis to identify candidate discoveries, the process is typically complete ~7 minutes after shutter close on the telescope. We further describe later processing of these candidates -- both automated and human-in-the-loop -- including reporting to the wider community and the triggering of more detailed observations, with a focus on immediate, intra-night characterisation. The workflow is meeting the needs of GOTO to promptly discover, report and characterise infant transients. Nevertheless, areas for further development and improvements are also highlighted.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

GOTO identification and broadband modelling of the counterpart to the SVOM GRB 250818B

Rapid localisation and follow-up of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) increasingly rely on low-latency triggers from new missions coupled to wide-field robotic optical facilities. We present the discovery and multi-wavelength follow-up of GRB 250818B, detected by the Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) and localised optically by the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO). We compile and homogenise X-ray, optical/NIR, and radio data to build broadband light curves and spectral energy distributions. The afterglow is unusually luminous for a nominal short GRB, lying on the bright end of the short-GRB population in X-rays and optical and among the most luminous high-redshift short-GRB afterglows in the radio. MeerKAT detects the source at 3.1 GHz, while ALMA provides deep higher-frequency limits. Keck/LRIS spectroscopy shows continuum and metal absorption (Fe II, Mg II, Mg I), giving $z=1.216$. Synchrotron forward-shock modelling favours a constant-density medium and strongly prefers refreshed (energy-injection) emission, well described by a two-component jet with $E_{K,iso} \sim 4\times10^{52}$ erg, $n_0 \sim 3.6$ cm$^{-3}$, $\theta_j \simeq 0.10$ rad ($\sim 5.7$ deg), and $p \simeq 1.64$. The host association is ambiguous: the nearest LS DR10 galaxy candidate ($r_{AB} \sim 24.7$) is offset by $\sim 4$ arcsec ($\sim 34$ kpc) with chance-alignment probability $P_{cc} \sim 0.2$, and current imaging does not exclude a fainter, near-coincident host. SED fitting of the candidate host suggests a low-mass galaxy. GRB 250818B highlights the power of rapid wide-field counterpart identification in the SVOM era, while host-association uncertainty can still limit offset-based interpretation.

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arXiv2025

The most distant optically polarised GRB afterglow: GRB 240419A at z = 5.178

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are extremely bright phenomena powered by relativistic jets arising from explosive events at cosmological distances. The nature of the jet and the configuration of the local magnetic fields are still unclear, with the distinction between different models possibly provided by the detection of early-time polarisation. Past observations do not agree on a universal scenario describing early-time polarisation in GRB afterglows, and new studies are necessary to investigate this open question. We present here the discovery of GRB\,240419A, its redshift determination of $z=5.178$, its early-time optical polarimetry observations, and the multi-wavelength monitoring of its afterglow. We analysed three epochs of polarimetric data to derive the early-time evolution of the polarisation. The multi-wavelength light curve from the X-rays to the near-infrared band was also investigated to give a broader perspective on the whole event. We find a high level of polarisation, $P=6.97^{+1.84}_{-1.52}$\,\%, at 1740~s after the GRB trigger, followed by a slight decrease up to $P=4.81^{+1.87}_{-1.53}$\,\% at 3059~s. On the same timescale, the polarisation position angle is nearly constant. The multi-band afterglow at the time of the polarisation measurements is consistent with a forward shock (FS), while the earlier evolution at $t-t_0\lesssim700$ s can be associated with the interplay between the forward and the reverse shocks or with energy injection. The detected polarised radiation when the afterglow is FS-dominated and the stable position angle are consistent with an ordered magnetic field plus a turbulent component driven by large-scale magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. The lack of a jet break in the light curve prevents a comparison of the polarisation temporal evolution with theoretical expectations from magnetic fields amplified by microscopic-scale turbulence, limiting ...

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

A LOFAR search for coherent radio emission accompanying prompt engine activity in gamma-ray bursts

Relativistic jets generated in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) produce luminous transient events, yet the fundamentals of jet composition and radiation mechanisms remain unclear. One means of identifying a magnetically-dominated outflow would be detection of prompt, coherent radio emission at low frequencies, and we are able to search for this using the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) coupled with modelling of high energy pulses detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift). We present the rapid response mode follow-up LOFAR observations of four long GRBs, each beginning within a few hundred seconds of the initial Swift-BAT trigger. We interpreted our findings under the framework of a magnetic wind model, predicting coherent radio emission analogous to prompt emission pulses. Using 60 second and 180 second time sliced imaging at 120-168 MHz, we obtain upper limits on radio pulse emission, finding no significant signals. In the case of GRB 200925B, we observed a small increase of radio flux seen at $\sim$60-360 s post burst. In this model, this could represent the radio emission related to the Swift-BAT pulses, for a redshift of $z=1.8$, however, with a low signal-to-noise ratio of $\sim 2$, it is not deemed significant enough to confirm coincident prompt radio and gamma-ray emission. Instead, we can constrain the $\epsilon_{B}$ parameter, deriving upper limits of $\epsilon_{B} < 4.2 \times 10^{-4}$ for GRB 200925B. In GRB 240414A, with a reported redshift of $z=1.833$, we constrain $\epsilon_{B} < 2.8 \times 10^{-4}$. We discuss these results in the context of our whole LOFAR rapid response sample of six long gamma-ray bursts, finding our $\epsilon_{B}$ values are generally consistent with previous GRB studies.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Discovery and Analysis of Afterglows from Poorly Localised GRBs with the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) All-sky Survey

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), particularly those detected by wide-field instruments such as the Fermi/GBM, pose a challenge for optical follow-up due to their large initial localisation regions, leaving many GRBs without identified afterglows. The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO), with its wide field of view, dual-site coverage, and robotic rapid-response capability, bridges this gap by rapidly identifying and localising afterglows from alerts issued by space-based facilities, including Fermi, SVOM, Swift, and EP, providing early optical positions for coordinated multiwavelength follow-up. In this paper, we present optical afterglow localisation and multiband follow-up of five Fermi/GBM (240619A, 240910A, 240916A, 241002B, and 241228B) and two MAXI/GSC (240122A and 240225B) triggered long GRBs (LGRBs) discovered by GOTO in 2024. Spectroscopy for six GRBs (no spectroscopic data for GRB 241002B) with VLT/X-shooter and GTC/OSIRIS yields precise redshifts spanning $z\approx0.40-$3.16 and absorption-line diagnostics of host and intervening systems. Radio detections for four events confirm the presence of long-lived synchrotron emission. Prompt-emission analysis with Fermi and MAXI data reveals a spectrally hard population, with two bursts lying $>3\sigma$ above the Amati relation. Although their optical afterglows resemble those of typical LGRBs, the prompt spectra are consistently harder than the LGRBs' average. Consistent modelling of six GOTO-discovered GRB afterglows yields jet half-opening angles of a few degrees and beaming-corrected kinetic energies ($E_{jet}\sim10^{51-52}$)erg, consistent with the canonical LGRB population. These findings suggest that optical discovery of poorly localised GRBs may be subject to observational biases favouring luminous events with high spectral peak energy, while also providing insight into jet microphysics and central engine diversity.

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arXiv2025

JWST reveals a supernova following a gamma-ray burst at z $\simeq$ 7.3

The majority of energetic long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are thought to arise from the collapse of massive stars, making them powerful tracers of star formation across cosmic time. Evidence for this origin comes from the presence of supernovae in the aftermath of the GRB event, whose properties in turn link back to those of the collapsing star. In principle, with GRBs we can study the properties of individual stars in the distant universe. Here, we present JWST/NIRCAM observations that detect both the host galaxy and likely supernova in the SVOM GRB 250314A with a spectroscopically measured redshift of z $\simeq$ 7.3, deep in the era of reionisation. The data are well described by a combination of faint blue host, similar to many z $\sim$ 7 galaxies, with a supernova of similar luminosity to the proto-type GRB supernova, SN 1998bw. Although larger galaxy contributions cannot be robustly excluded, given the evidence from the blue afterglow colours of low dust extinction, supernovae much brighter than SN 1998bw can be. These observations suggest that, despite disparate physical conditions, the star that created GRB 250314A was similar to GRB progenitors in the local universe.

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arXiv2025

GRB 241105A: A test case for GRB classification and rapid r-process nucleosynthesis channels

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) offer a powerful window to probe the progenitor systems responsible for the formation of heavy elements through the rapid neutron capture (r-) process, thanks to their exceptional luminosity, which allows them to be observed across vast cosmic distances. GRB 241105A, observed at a redshift of z = 2.681, features a short initial spike (1.5 s) and a prolonged weak emission lasting about 64 s, positioning it as a candidate for a compact binary merger and potentially marking it as the most distant merger-driven GRB observed to date. However, the emerging ambiguity in GRB classification necessitates further investigation into the burst's true nature. Prompt emission analyses, such as hardness ratio, spectral lag, and minimum variability timescales, yield mixed classifications, while machine learning-based clustering places GRB 241105A near both long-duration mergers and collapsar GRBs. We conducted observations using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for a potential supernova counterpart. Although no conclusive evidence was found for a supernova, the host galaxy's properties derived from the JWST observations suggest active star formation with low metallicity, and a sub-kpc offset of the afterglow from the host, which appears broadly consistent with a collapsar origin. Nevertheless, a compact binary merger origin cannot be ruled out, as the burst may plausibly arise from a fast progenitor channel. This would have important implications for heavy element enrichment in the early Universe.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

The infrared counterpart and proper motion of magnetar SGR0501+4516

Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) are highly magnetised neutron stars (magnetars) notable for their gamma-ray and X-ray outbursts. In this paper, we use near-infrared (NIR) imaging of SGR 0501+4516 in the days, weeks, and years after its 2008 outburst to characterise the multi-wavelength emission, and to obtain a proper motion from our long temporal baseline observations. Unlike most magnetars, the source has only moderate foreground extinction with minimal crowding. Our observations began only 2 hours after the first activation of SGR 0501+4516 in August 2008, and continued for 4 years, including two epochs of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging. The proper motion constraint is improved by a third HST epoch 10 years later. The near-infrared and X-rays faded slowly during the first week, thereafter following a steeper power-law decay. The behaviour is satisfactorily fit by a broken power-law. Three epochs of HST imaging with a 10-year baseline allow us to determine a quiescent level, and to measure a proper motion of 5.4+/-0.6 mas/yr. This corresponds to a low transverse peculiar velocity of 51+/-14 km/s (at 2 kpc). The magnitude and direction of the proper motion rules out supernova remnant HB9 as the birth-site. We can find no other supernova remnants or groups of massive stars within the region traversed by SGR 0501+4516 during its characteristic lifetime (20 kyr). Our observations of SGR 0501+4516 suggest that some magnetars may be either significantly older than expected, that their progenitors produce low supernova ejecta masses, or alternatively that they can be formed through accretion-induced collapse (AIC) or low-mass neutron star mergers. Although the progenitor of SGR 0501+4516 remains unclear, we propose that SGR 0501+4516 is the best Galactic candidate for a magnetar formed through a mechanism other than massive star core-collapse.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Constraints on optical and near-infrared variability in the localisation of the long-period radio transient GLEAM-X J1627-52

GLEAM-X J1627-52 was discovered as a periodic (~18 min) radio signal over a duration of three months in 2018. It is an enigmatic example of a growing population of 'long-period radio transients' consistent with Galactic origins. Their nature is uncertain, and leading models invoke magnetic neutron stars or white dwarfs, potentially in close binary systems, to power them. GLEAM-X J1627-52 resides in the Galactic plane with a comparatively coarse localisation (~2 arcsecond). Here we study the localisation region to search for spectrophotometric signatures of a counterpart using time-domain searches in optical and near-infrared imaging, and MUSE integral field spectroscopy. No sources in the localisation display clear white dwarf spectral signatures, although at the expected distance we can only provide modest limits on their presence directly. We rule out the presence of hot sub-dwarfs in the vicinity. We found no candidate within our search for variability or periodic behaviour in the light curves. Radial velocity curves additionally show only weak evidence of variation, requiring any realistic underlying system to have very low orbital inclination (i < 5 deg). Two Balmer emission line sources are reminiscent of white dwarf pulsar systems, but their characteristics fall within expected M-dwarf chromospheric activity with no signs of being in a close binary. Currently the white dwarf pulsar scenario is not supported, although longer baseline data and data contemporaneous with a radio active epoch are required before stronger statements. Isolated magnetars, or compact binaries remain viable. Our limits highlight the difficulty of these searches in dense environments at the limits of ground-based data.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Revisiting the Intergalactic Medium Around GRB 130606A and Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are excellent probes of the high-redshift Universe due to their high luminosities and the relatively simple intrinsic spectra of their afterglows. They can be used to estimate the fraction of neutral hydrogen (i.e., neutral fraction) in the intergalactic medium at different redshifts through the examination of their Lyman-alpha damping wing with high quality optical-to-near-infrared spectra. Neutral fraction estimates can help trace the evolution of the Epoch of Reionization, a key era of cosmological history in which the intergalactic medium underwent a phase change from neutral to ionized. We revisit GRB 130606A, a z ~ 5.9 GRB for which multiple analyses, using the same damping wing model and data from different telescopes, found conflicting neutral fraction results. We identify the source of the discrepant results to be differences in assumptions for key damping wing model parameters and data range selections. We perform a new analysis implementing multiple GRB damping wing models and find a 3-sigma neutral fraction upper limit ranging from xHI < 0.20 to xHI < 0.23. We present this result in the context of other neutral fraction estimates and Epoch of Reionization models, discuss the impact of relying on individual GRB lines of sight, and highlight the need for more high-redshift GRBs to effectively constrain the progression of the Epoch of Reionization.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2024

Rapid Response Mode observations of GRB 160203A: Looking for fine-structure line variability at z=3.52

Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic known explosions. Despite fading rapidly, they allow to measure redshift and important properties of their host-galaxies. We report the photometric and spectroscopic study of GRB 160203A and its host-galaxy. Fine-structure absorption lines, detected in the afterglow at different epochs, allow us to investigate variability due to the strong fading background source. We obtained two optical to near-infrared spectra of the afterglow with X-shooter on ESO/VLT, 18 min and 5.7 hrs after the burst, allowing us to investigate temporal changes of fine-structure absorption lines. We measured HI column density log N(HI/cm-2)=21.75+/-0.10, and several heavy-element ions along the GRB sight-line in the host-galaxy: SiII,AlII,AlIII,CII,NiII,SiIV,CIV,ZnII,FeII, and FeII and SiII fine structure transitions from energetic levels excited by the afterglow, at a redshift z=3.518. We measured [M/H]TOT=-0.78+/-0.13 and [Zn/Fe]FIT=0.69+/-0.15, representing the total(dust-corrected) metallicity and dust depletion, respectively. We detected additional intervening systems along the line of sight at z=1.03,z=1.26,z=1.98,z=1.99,z=2.20 and z=2.83. We could not measure significant variability in the fine-structure lines throughout all the observations and determined an upper limit for the GRB distance from the absorber of d<300 pc, adopting the canonical UV pumping scenario. However, we note that the quality of our data is not sufficient to conclusively rule out collisions as an alternative mechanism. GRB 160203A belongs to a growing sample of GRBs with medium resolution spectroscopy, provided by the Swift/X-shooter legacy program, which enables detailed investigation of the interstellar medium in high-redshift GRB host-galaxies. In particular, this host galaxy shows relatively high metal enrichment and dust depletion already in place when the universe was only 1.8 Gyr old.

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arXiv2024

The host of GRB 171205A in 3D -- A resolved multiwavelength study of a rare grand-design spiral GRB host

Long GRB hosts at z<1 are usually low-mass, low metallicity star-forming galaxies. Here we present the until now most detailed, spatially resolved study of the host of GRB 171205A, a grand-design barred spiral galaxy at z=0.036. Our analysis includes MUSE integral field spectroscopy, complemented by high spatial resolution UV/VIS HST imaging and CO(1-0) and HI 21cm data. The GRB is located in a small star-forming region in a spiral arm of the galaxy at a deprojected distance of ~ 8 kpc from the center. The galaxy shows a smooth negative metallicity gradient and the metallicity at the GRB site is half solar, slightly below the mean metallicity at the corresponding distance from the center. Star formation in this galaxy is concentrated in a few HII regions between 5-7 kpc from the center and at the end of the bar, inwards of the GRB region, however, the HII region hosting the GRB is in the top 10% of regions with highest specific star-formation rate. The stellar population at the GRB site has a very young component (< 5 Myr) contributing a significant part of the light. Ionized and molecular gas show only minor deviations at the end of the bar. A parallel study found an asymmetric HI distribution and some additional gas near the position of the GRB, which might explain the star-forming region of the GRB site. Our study shows that long GRBs can occur in many types of star-forming galaxies, however, the actual GRB sites consistently have low metallicity, high star formation and a young population. Furthermore, gas inflow or interactions triggering the star formation producing the GRB progenitor might not be evident in ionized or even molecular gas but only in HI.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

$\textit{Kilonova Seekers}$: the GOTO project for real-time citizen science in time-domain astrophysics

Time-domain astrophysics continues to grow rapidly, with the inception of new surveys drastically increasing data volumes. Democratised, distributed approaches to training sets for machine learning classifiers are crucial to make the most of this torrent of discovery -- with citizen science approaches proving effective at meeting these requirements. In this paper, we describe the creation of and the initial results from the $\textit{Kilonova Seekers}$ citizen science project, built to find transient phenomena from the GOTO telescopes in near real-time. $\textit{Kilonova Seekers}$ launched in July 2023 and received over 600,000 classifications from approximately 2,000 volunteers over the course of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4a observing run. During this time, the project has yielded 20 discoveries, generated a `gold-standard' training set of 17,682 detections for augmenting deep-learned classifiers, and measured the performance and biases of Zooniverse volunteers on real-bogus classification. This project will continue throughout the lifetime of GOTO, pushing candidates at ever-greater cadence, and directly facilitate the next-generation classification algorithms currently in development.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2024

Comparing emission- and absorption-based gas-phase metallicities in GRB host galaxies at $z=2-4$ using JWST

Much of what is known of the chemical composition of the universe is based on emission line spectra from star forming galaxies. Emission-based inferences are, nevertheless, model-dependent and they are dominated by light from luminous star forming regions. An alternative and sensitive probe of the metallicity of galaxies is through absorption lines imprinted on the luminous afterglow spectra of long gamma ray bursts (GRBs) from neutral material within their host galaxy. We present results from a JWST/NIRSpec programme to investigate for the first time the relation between the metallicity of neutral gas probed in absorption by GRB afterglows and the metallicity of the star forming regions for the same host galaxy sample. Using an initial sample of eight GRB host galaxies at z=2.1-4.7, we find a tight relation between absorption and emission line metallicities when using the recently proposed $\hat{R}$ metallicity diagnostic (+/-0.2dex). This agreement implies a relatively chemically-homogeneous multi-phase interstellar medium, and indicates that absorption and emission line probes can be directly compared. However, the relation is less clear when using other diagnostics, such as R23 and R3. We also find possible evidence of an elevated N/O ratio in the host galaxy of GRB090323 at z=3.58, consistent with what has been seen in other $z>4$ galaxies. Ultimate confirmation of an enhanced N/O ratio and of the relation between absorption and emission line metallicities will require a more direct determination of the emission line metallicity via the detection of temperature-sensitive auroral lines in our GRB host galaxy sample.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

Neutral Fraction of Hydrogen in the Intergalactic Medium Surrounding High-Redshift Gamma-Ray Burst 210905A

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) is a key period of cosmological history in which the intergalactic medium (IGM) underwent a major phase change from being neutral to almost completely ionized. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are luminous and unique probes of their environments that can be used to study the timeline for the progression of the EoR. Here we present a detailed analysis of the ESO Very Large Telescope X-shooter spectrum of GRB 210905A, which resides at a redshift of z ~ 6.3. We focus on estimating the fraction of neutral hydrogen, x_HI, on the line of sight to the host galaxy of GRB 210905A by fitting the shape of the Lyman-alpha damping wing of the afterglow spectrum. The X-shooter spectrum has a high signal to noise ratio, but the complex velocity structure of the host galaxy limits the precision of our conclusions. The statistically preferred model suggests a low neutral fraction with a 3-sigma upper limit of x_HI < 0.15 or x_HI < 0.23, depending on the absence or presence of an ionized bubble around the GRB host galaxy, indicating that the IGM around the GRB host galaxy is mostly ionized. We discuss complications in current analyses and potential avenues for future studies of the progression of the EoR and its evolution with redshift.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

Varying linear polarisation in the dust-free GRB 210610B

Long gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by the collapse of some very massive stars, which emit ultra-relativistic jets. When the jets collide with the interstellar medium they decelerate and generate the so-called afterglow emission, which has been observed to be polarised. In this work we study the polarimetric evolution of GRB 210610B afterglow, at $z = 1.1341$. This allows to evaluate the role of geometric and/or magnetic mechanisms in the GRB afterglow polarisation. We observed GRB 210610B using imaging polarimetry with CAFOS on the 2.2 m Calar Alto Telescope and FORS2 on the 4 $\times$ 8.1 m Very Large Telescope. Complementary optical spectroscopy was obtained with OSIRIS on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias. We study the GRB light-curve from X-rays to optical bands and the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED). This allows us to strongly constrain the line-of-sight extinction. Finally, we study the GRB host galaxy using optical/NIR data to fit the SED and derive its integrated properties. GRB 210610B had a bright afterglow with a negligible line-of-sight extinction. Polarimetry was obtained at three epochs: during an early plateau phase, at the time when the light curve breaks, and after the light curve steepened. We observe an initial polarisation of $\sim 4\%$ that goes to zero at the time of the break, and then increases again to $\sim 2\%$ with a change of the position angle of $54 \pm 9$ deg. The spectrum show features with very low equivalent widths, indicating a small amount of material in the line-of-sight within the host. The lack of dust and the low amount of material on the line-of-sight to GRB 210610B allow us to study the intrinsic polarisation of the GRB optical afterglow. We find the GRB polarisation signals are consistent with ordered magnetic fields in refreshed shock or/and hydrodynamics-scale turbulent fields in the forward shock.

astro-ph.HE↗