Low-Dimensional Reduction Theory for Populations of Phase Oscillators with a Gaussian Frequency Distribution
Low-dimensional reduction theories such as the Ott-Antonsen ansatz have played a crucial role in the study of populations of coupled oscillators. Their application, however, has largely been restricted to systems with frequency distributions of rational-function form, such as the Cauchy distribution. For such distributions, the residue theorem allows the dynamics of the global order parameters to be closed in terms of a finite number of poles, thereby yielding a finite-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations. Rational frequency distributions, however, generally have heavy tails and only finitely many well-defined moments, and therefore may not always be realistic as frequency distributions. In this paper, we develop an approximate low-dimensional reduction theory based on perturbation theory for weakly heterogeneous populations of phase oscillators with a Gaussian frequency distribution. We construct the theory not only for first-harmonic coupling, for which the Ott-Antonsen ansatz applies, but also for populations of phase oscillators with multi-harmonic coupling. The effectiveness of the proposed low-dimensional reductions is demonstrated through both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.