Disconnectivity in Multistationarity Regions of Cascade of Goldbeter--Koshland Loops
Dynamics of reaction networks is often modelled by parameterised polynomials and describing the set of parameters for which the system attains multiple positive equilibrium states is a challenging problem. In the full parameter space, determined by the reaction rate constants and the total concentrations, the existing methods can give an upper bound on the number of connected components of regions that enable multistationarity and this can give sufficient condition to establish path connectivity of these regions. In this article, we focus on cascade network of Goldbeter-Koshland loops and show that for this network, with $n\geq 2$ phosphorylation sites and at least one shared phosphatase for dephosphorylation, the region in the space of reaction rates is connected while it may not be true in the full parameter space. We explicitly show that there is a gap between the upper and lower bound for the number of connected regions for the case when $n=2$.