arXiv subjects

Karim Achouri

Publications and source records attributed to Karim Achouri.

49 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2017

Efficient Analysis of Metasurfaces in Terms of Spectral-Domain GSTC Integral Equations

We present a spectral-domain (SD) technique for the efficient analysis of metasurfaces. The metasurface is modeled by generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) as a zero-thickness sheet creating a discontinuity in the electromagnetic field. The SD expression of these GSTCs for a specified incident field leads to a system of four surface integral equations for the reflected and transmitted fields, which are solved using the method of moments in the spectral domain. Compared to the finite-difference and finite-element techniques that require meshing the entire computational domain, the proposed technique reduces the problem to the surface of the metasurface, hence eliminating one dimension and providing substantial benefits in terms of memory and speed. A monochromatic generalized-refractive metasurface and a polychromatic focusing metasurface are presented as illustrative examples.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2017

Mathematical Synthesis and Analysis of Nonlinear Metasurfaces

We propose a discussion on the synthesis and scattering analysis of nonlinear metasurfaces. For simplicity, we investigate the case of a second-order nonlinear isotropic metasurface possessing both electric and magnetic linear and nonlinear susceptibility components. We next find the synthesis expressions relating the susceptibilities to the specified fields, which leads to the definition of the nonlinear metasurface conditions for no reflection, themselves revealing the nonreciprocal nature of such structures. Finally, we provide the approximate expressions of the scattered fields based on perturbation theory and compare the corresponding results to finite-difference time-domain simulations.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2017

Controllable Angular Scattering with a Bianisotropic Metasurface

We propose the concept of a bianisotropic metasurface with controllable angular scattering. We illustrate this concept with the synthesis and the analysis of a metasurface exhibiting controllable absorption and transmission phase as function of the incidence angle.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2016

Space-Wave Routing via Surface Waves Using a Metasurface System

We introduce the concept of a metasurface system able to route space wave via surface waves. This concept may be used to laterally shift or modulate the beam width of scattered waves. We propose two corresponding synthesis techniques, one that is exact but leads to practically challenging material parameters and one that is approximate but leads to simpler material parameters. The concept is experimentally verified in an electromagnetic periscope. Additionally, we propose two other potential applications namely a beam expander and a multi-wave refractor.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

Spontaneous Emission and Light Extraction Enhancement of Light Emitting Diode Using Partially-Reflecting Metasurface Cavity (PRMC)

The enhancement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE), and subsequent reduction of cost, of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is of crucial importance in the current lightening market. For this reason, we propose here a PCE-enhanced LED architecture, based on a partially reflecting metasurface cavity (PRMC) structure. This structure simultaneously enhances the light extraction efficiency (LEE) and the spontaneous emission rate (SER) of the LED by enforcing the emitted light to radiate perpendicularly to the device, so as to suppress wave trapping and enhance field confinement near the emitter, while ensuring cavity resonance matching and maximal constructive field interference. The PRMC structure is designed using a recent surface susceptibility metasurface synthesis technique. A PRMC blue LED design is presented and demonstrated by full-wave simulation to provide LEE and SER enhancements by factors 4.0 and 1.9, respectively, which correspond to PCE enhancement factors of 6.2, 5.2 and 4.5 for IQEs of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, suggesting that the PRMC concept has a promising potential in LED technology.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

Nonreciprocal Nongyrotropic Magnetless Metasurface

We introduce a nonreciprocal nongyrotropic magnetless metasurface. In contrast to previous nonreciprocal structures, this metasurface does not require a biasing magnet, and is therefore lightweight and amenable to integrated circuit fabrication. Moreover, it does not induce Faraday rotation, and hence does not alter the polarization of waves, which is a desirable feature in many nonreciprocal devices. The metasurface is designed according to a Surface-Circuit-Surface (SCS) architecture and leverages the inherent unidirectionality of transistors for breaking time reversal symmetry. Interesting features include transmission gain as well as broad operating bandwidth and angular sector operation. It is finally shown that the metasurface is bianisotropic in nature, with nonreciprocity due to the electric-magnetic coupling parameters, and structurally equivalent to a moving uniaxial metasurface.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2016

Synthesis and Applications of Birefringent Metasurfaces

Birefringent metasurfaces are two-dimensional structures capable of independently controlling the amplitude, phase and polarization of orthogonally polarized incident waves. In this work, we propose a in-depth discussion on the mathematical synthesis of such metasurfaces. We compare two methods, one that is rigorous and based on the exact electromagnetic fields involved in the transformation and one that is based on approximate reflection and transmission coefficients. We next validate the synthesis technique in metasurfaces performing the operations of half- and quarter-wave plates, polarization beam splitting and orbital angular momentum multiplexing.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

Dielectric Resonator Metasurface for Dispersion Engineering

We introduce a practical dielectric metasurface design for microwave frequencies. The metasurface is made of an array of dielectric resonators held together by dielectric connections thus avoiding the need of a mechanical support in the form of a dielectric slab and the spurious multiple reflections that such a slab would generate. The proposed design can be used either for broadband metasurface applications or monochromatic wave transformations. The capabilities of the concept to manipulate the transmission phase and amplitude of the metasurface are supported by numerical and experimental results. Finally, a half-wave plate and a quarter-wave plate have been realized with the proposed concept.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

Spacetime Processing Metasurfaces: GSTC Synthesis and Prospective Applications

The paper presents the general concept of spacetime processing metasurfaces, synthesized by generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs). It is shown that such metasurfaces can perform multiple simultaneous spatio-temporal processing transformations on incident electromagnetic waves. A time-reversal space-generalized-refraction metasurface and a multi-time-space-differentiating metasurfaces are presented as applications of the general spacetime processing metasurface concept.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

Simulation of Metasurfaces in Finite Difference Techniques

We introduce a rigorous and simple method for analyzing metasurfaces, modeled as zero-thickness electromagnetic sheets, in Finite Difference (FD) techniques. The method consists in describing the spatial discontinuity induced by the metasurface as a virtual structure, located between nodal rows of the Yee grid, using a finite difference version of Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions (GSTCs). In contrast to previously reported approaches, the proposed method can handle sheets exhibiting both electric and magnetic discontinuities, and represents therefore a fundamental contribution in computational electromagnetics. It is presented here in the framework of the FD Frequency Domain (FDFD) method but also applies to the FD Time Domain (FDTD) scheme. The theory is supported by five illustrative examples.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2015

Synthesis of Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Principles and Illustrations

The paper presents partial overview of the mathematical synthesis and the physical realization of metasurfaces, and related illustrative examples. The synthesis consists in determining the exact tensorial surface susceptibility functions of the metasurface, based on generalized sheet transition conditions, while the realization deals with both metallic and dielectric scattering particle structures. The examples demonstrate the capabilities of the synthesis and realization techniques, thereby showing the plethora of possible metasurface field transmission and subsequent applications. The first example is the design of two diffraction engineering birefringent metasurfaces performing polarization beam splitting and orbital angular momentum multiplexing, respectively. Next, we discuss the concept of the "transistor" metasurface, which is an electromagnetic linear switch based on destructive interferences. Then, we introduce a non-reciprocal non-gyrotropic metasurface using a pick-up circuit radiator (PCR) architecture. Finally, the implementation of all-dielectric metasurfaces for spatial dispersion engineering is discussed.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2015

Metasurface Spatial Processor for Electromagnetic Remote Control

We introduce the concept of metasurface spatial processor, whose transmission is remotely and coherently controlled by the superposition of an incident wave and a control wave through the metasurface. The conceptual operation of this device is analogous to both that of a transistor and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, while offering much more diversity in terms of electromagnetic transformations. We demonstrate two metasurfaces, that perform the operation of electromagnetic switching and amplification.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2015

General Metasurface Synthesis Based on Susceptibility Tensors

A general method, based on susceptibility tensors, is proposed for the synthesis of metasurfaces transforming arbitrary incident waves into arbitrary reflected and transmitted waves. The proposed method exhibits two advantages: 1)it is inherently vectorial, and therefore better suited for full vectorial (beyond paraxial) electromagnetic problems, 2) it provides closed-form solutions, and is therefore extremely fast. Incidentally, the method reveals that a metasurface is fundamentally capable to transform up to four independent wave triplets (incident, reflected and refracted waves). In addition, the paper provides the closed-form expressions relating the synthesized susceptibilities and the scattering parameters simulated within periodic boundary conditions, which allows one to design the scattering particles realizing the desired susceptibilities. The versatility of the method is illustrated by examples of metasurfaces achieving the following transformations: generalized refraction, reciprocal and non-reciprocal polarization rotation, Bessel vortex beam generation, and orbital angular momentum multiplexing.

physics.optics↗