Bethe-Salpeter wave functions of $η_c(2S)$ and $ψ(2S)$ states from full lattice QCD
We discuss the internal structure of radially excited charmonium mesons based on the equal-time and Coulomb gauge Bethe-Salpeter (BS) amplitudes, which are obtained in lattice QCD. Our simulations are performed with a relativistic heavy-quark action for the charm quark on the 2+1 flavor PACS-CS gauge configurations at the lightest pion mass, $M_π=156(7)$ MeV. The variational method is applied to the study of optimal charmonium operator for ground and first excited states of $S$-wave charmonia. We successfully calculate the BS wave functions of $η_c(2S)$ and $ψ(2S)$ states, as well as $η_c(1S)$ and $J/ψ$ states, and then estimate the root-mean-square radii of both the $1S$ and $2S$ charmonium states. We also examine whether a series of the BS wave functions from the ground state to excited states can be described by a single set of the spin-independent and spin-dependent interquark potentials with a unique quark mass. It is found that the quark kinetic mass and, both the central and spin-spin charmonium potentials, determined from the $2S$ wave functions, fairly agree with the ones from the $1S$ wave functions. This strongly supports the validity of the potential description for the charmonium system, at least, below open-charm threshold.