A Dynamic Theory for Explaining the Evaporation Paradox and Global Energy Transpiration
Evaporation is a part of water cycle and a process of energy exchange between atmosphere and land surface, its variation reflects global change. Pan evaporation decreases with global warming is the phenomena named evaporation paradox, which exits in worldwide and spatio-temporal. Broad-scale observations between the 1950s and 2000s revealed that global pan evaporation (Epan) decreases with increasing quantity of clouds. However, in the Huaihe River Basin, both the total cloud quantity and Epan decreased during this period, and similar phenomena were observed in some other regions of the globe. A nonlinear second-order neutral-delay dynamic equation (NSNDE) of the change in the cloud quantity and Epan with time was constructed, encompassing different stages (formation, duration, waning, recurring) of the evaporation paradox. On the basis of this equation, a new model named "steamer" was proposed, encompassing a set of dynamic equations to explore the evaporation paradox. The effects of the total cloud quantity on factors that affect the sensible heat flux are investigated, revealing that actual evaporation (Ea) displays similar oscillation properties as Epan and the total cloud quantity, and their relationship is complimentary in some stages of the evaporation paradox. On the basis of the relation between the total cloud quantity and evaporation, an expression for global energy transpiration was established, and the time delay plays an important role in energy exchange between global spheres. This relation indicates the stability of atmosphere and surface.