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Ken D. Olum

Publications and source records attributed to Ken D. Olum.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

The form of cosmic string cusps

We classify the possible shapes of cosmic string cusps and how they transform under Lorentz boosts. A generic cusp can be brought into a form in which the motion of the cusp tip lies in the plane of the cusp. The cusp whose motion is perpendicular to this plane, considered by some authors, is a special case and not the generic situation. We redo the calculation of the energy in the region where the string overlaps itself near a cusp, which is the maximum energy that can be released in radiation. We take into account the motion of a generic cusp and the resulting Lorentz contraction of the string core. The result is that the energy scales as $\sqrt {rL}$ instead of the usual value of $r^{1/3} L^{2/3}$, where $r$ is the string radius and $L$ and is the typical length scale of the string. Since $r << L $ for cosmological strings, the radiation is strongly suppressed and could not be observed.

gr-qc↗

Energy conditions allow eternal inflation

Eternal inflation requires upward fluctuations of the energy in a Hubble volume, which appear to violate the energy conditions. In particular, a scalar field in an inflating spacetime should obey the averaged null energy condition, which seems to rule out eternal inflation. Here we show how eternal inflation is possible when energy conditions (even the null energy condition) are obeyed. The critical point is that energy conditions restrict the evolution of any single quantum state, while the process of eternal inflation involves repeatedly selecting a subsector of the previous state, so there is no single state where the conditions are violated.

gr-qc↗

Direct determination of cosmic string loop density from simulations

We determine the distribution of cosmic string loops directly from simulations, rather than determining the loop production function and inferring the loop distribution from that. For a wide range of loop lengths, the results agree well with a power law exponent -2.5 in the radiation era and -2 in the matter era, the universal result for any loop production function that does not diverge at small scales. Our results extend those of Ringeval, Sakellariadou, and Bouchet: we are able to run for 15 times longer in conformal time and simulate a volume 300-2400 times larger. At the times they reached, our simulation is in general agreement with the more negative exponents they found, -2.6 and -2.4. However, our simulations show that this was a transient regime; at later times the exponents decline to the values above. This provides further evidence against models with a rapid divergence of the loop density at small scales, such as ``model 3'' used to analyze LIGO data and predict LISA sensitivity.

astro-ph.CO↗

Energy-conservation constraints on cosmic string loop production and distribution functions

A network of cosmic strings would lead to gravitational waves which may be detected by pulsar timing or future interferometers. The details of the gravitational wave signal depend on the distribution of cosmic string loops, which are produced by intercommutations from the scaling network of long strings. We analyze the limits imposed by energy conservation, i.e., by the fact that the total amount of string flowing into loops cannot exceed the amount leaving the long strings. We show that some recent suggestions for the cosmic string loop production rate and distribution are ruled out by these limits. As a result, gravitational waves based on such suggestions, in particular "model 3" used in LIGO data analysis, are not to be expected.

astro-ph.CO↗

Anthropic prediction in a large toy landscape

The successful anthropic prediction of the cosmological constant depends crucially on the assumption of a flat prior distribution. However, previous calculations in simplified landscape models showed that the prior distribution is staggered, suggesting a conflict with anthropic predictions. Here we analytically calculate the full distribution, including the prior and anthropic selection effects, in a toy landscape model with a realistic number of vacua, $N \sim 10^{500}$. We show that it is possible for the fractal prior distribution we find to behave as an effectively flat distribution in a wide class of landscapes, depending on the regime of parameter space. Whether or not this possibility is realized depends on presently unknown details of the landscape.

hep-th↗

Backreaction on an infinite helical cosmic string

To understand the properties of a possible cosmic string network requires knowledge of the structures on long strings, which control the breaking off of smaller loops. These structures are influenced by backreaction due to gravitational wave emission. To gain an understanding of this process, we calculate the effect of gravitational backreaction on the "helical breather": an infinite cosmic string with a helical standing wave. We do the calculation analytically to first order in the amplitude of the oscillation. Our results for the rate of loss of length agree with the total power emitted from this system as calculated by Sakellariadou. We also find a rotation of the generators of the string that leads to an advancement of the phase of the oscillation in addition to that produced by the loss of length.

astro-ph.CO↗

Gravitational backreaction simulations of simple cosmic string loops

We present the results of computational gravitational backreaction on simple models of cosmic string loops. These results give us insight into the general behavior of cusps and kinks on loops, in addition to other features of evolution. Kinks are rounded off via an asymmetric and divergent correction to the string direction. The result is that cusps emerge in the place of kinks but the resulting smooth string section has a small amount of energy. Existing cusps persist, but quickly lose strength as backreaction removes energy from the string surrounding the cusp. Both kinks and cusps have their location in space shifted slightly with each oscillation.

gr-qc↗

Gravitational back-reaction near cosmic string kinks and cusps

We find the leading-order effect of gravitational back-reaction on cosmic strings for points near kinks and cusps. Near a kink, the effect diverges as the inverse cube root of the distance to the kink, and acts in a direction transverse to the worldsheet. Over time the kink is rounded off, but only regions fairly close to the kink are significantly affected. Near cusps, the effect diverges inverse linearly with the distance to the cusp, and acts against the direction of the cusp motion. This results in a fractional loss of string energy that diverges logarithmically with the distance of closest approach to the cusp.

gr-qc↗

Gravitational smoothing of kinks on cosmic string loops

We analyze the effect of gravitational back reaction on cosmic string loops with kinks, which is an important determinant of the shape, and thus the potential observability, of string loops which may exist in the universe today. Kinks are not rounded off, but may be straightened out. This means that back reaction will only cause loops with kinks to develop cusps after some potentially large fraction of their lifetimes. In some loops, symmetries prevent even this process, so that the loop evaporates in a self-similar fashion and the kinks are unchanged. As an example, we discuss back-reaction on the rectangular Garfinkle-Vachaspati loop.

gr-qc↗

New limits on cosmic strings from gravitational wave observation

We combine new analysis of the stochastic gravitational wave background to be expected from cosmic strings with the latest pulsar timing array (PTA) limits to give an upper bound on the energy scale of the possible cosmic string network, $Gμ< 1.5\times 10^{-11}$ at the 95% confidence level. We also show bounds from LIGO and to be expected from LISA and BBO. Current estimates for the gravitational wave background from supermassive black hole binaries are at the level where a PTA detection is expected. But if PTAs do observe a background soon, it will be difficult in the short term to distinguish black holes from cosmic strings as the source, because the spectral indices from the two sources happen to be quite similar. If PTAs do not observe a background, then the limits on $Gμ$ will improve somewhat, but a string network with $Gμ$ substantially below $10^{-11}$ will produce gravitational waves primarily at frequencies too high for PTA observation, so significant further progress will depend on intermediate-frequency observatories such as LISA, DECIGO and BBO.

astro-ph.CO↗

Stochastic gravitational wave background from smoothed cosmic string loops

We do a complete calculation of the stochastic gravitational wave background to be expected from cosmic strings. We start from a population of string loops taken from simulations, smooth these by Lorentzian convolution as a model of gravitational back reaction, calculate the average spectrum of gravitational waves emitted by the string population at any given time, and propagate it through a standard model cosmology to find the stochastic background today. We take into account all known effects, including changes in the number of cosmological relativistic degrees of freedom at early times and the possibility that some energy is in rare bursts that we might never have observed.

astro-ph.CO↗

Efficient numerical solution to vacuum decay with many fields

Finding numerical solutions describing bubble nucleation is notoriously difficult in more than one field space dimension. Traditional shooting methods fail because of the extreme non-linearity of field evolution over a macroscopic distance as a function of initial conditions. Minimization methods tend to become either slow or imprecise for larger numbers of fields due to their dependence on the high dimensionality of discretized function spaces. We present a new method for finding solutions which is both very efficient and able to cope with the non-linearities. Our method directly integrates the equations of motion except at a small number of junction points, so we do not need to introduce a discrete domain for our functions. The method, based on multiple shooting, typically finds solutions involving three fields in under a minute, and can find solutions for eight fields in about an hour. We include a numerical package for Mathematica which implements the method described here.

gr-qc↗

Gravitational back reaction on piecewise linear cosmic string loops

We calculate the metric and affine connection due to a piecewise linear cosmic string loop, and the effect of gravitational back reaction for the Garfinkle-Vachaspati loop with four straight segments. As expected, back reaction reduces the size of the loop, in accord with the energy going into gravitational waves. The "square" (maximally symmetric) loop evaporates without changing shape, but for all other loops in this class, the kinks become less sharp and segments between kinks become curved. If the loop is close to the square case, it will evaporate before its kinks are significantly changed, if it is far from square, the opening out of the kinks is much faster than evaporation of the loop.

gr-qc↗

Proof of the averaged null energy condition in a classical curved spacetime using a null-projected quantum inequality

Quantum inequalities are constraints on how negative the weighted average of the renormalized stress-energy tensor of a quantum field can be. A null-projected quantum inequality can be used to prove the averaged null energy condition (ANEC), which would then rule out exotic phenomena such as wormholes and time machines. In this work we derive such an inequality for a massless minimally coupled scalar field, working to first order of the Riemann tensor and its derivatives. We then use this inequality to prove ANEC on achronal geodesics in a curved background that obeys the null convergence condition.

gr-qc↗

Cosmic string loop shapes

We analyze the shapes of cosmic string loops found in large-scale simulations of an expanding-universe string network. The simulation does not include gravitational back reaction, but we model that process by smoothing the loop using Lorentzian convolution. We find that loops at formation consist of generally straight segments separated by kinks. We do not see cusps or any cusp-like structure at the scale of the entire loop, although we do see very small regions of string that move with large Lorentz boosts. However, smoothing of the string almost always introduces two cusps on each loop. The smoothing process does not lead to any significant fragmentation of loops that were in non-self-intersecting trajectories before smoothing.

astro-ph.CO↗

Quantum inequality in spacetimes with small curvature

Quantum inequalities bound the extent to which weighted time averages of the renormalized energy density of a quantum field can be negative. They have mostly been proved in flat spacetime, but we need curved-spacetime inequalities to disprove the existence of exotic phenomena, such as closed timelike curves. In this work we derive such an inequality for a minimally-coupled scalar field on a geodesic in a spacetime with small curvature, working to first order in the Ricci tensor and its derivatives. Since only the Ricci tensor enters, there are no first-order corrections to the flat-space quantum inequalities on paths which do not encounter any matter or energy.

gr-qc↗

Electromagnetic back-reaction from currents on a straight string

Charge carriers moving at the speed of light along a straight, superconducting cosmic string carry with them a logarithmically divergent slab of electromagnetic field energy. Thus no finite local input can induce a current that travels unimpeded to infinity. Rather, electromagnetic back-reaction must damp this current asymptotically to nothing. We compute this back-reaction and find that the electromagnetic fields and currents decline exactly as rapidly as necessary to prevent a divergence. We briefly discuss the corresponding gravitational situation.

astro-ph.CO↗

Quantum inequality for a scalar field with a background potential

Quantum inequalities are bounds on negative time-averages of the energy density of a quantum field. They can be used to rule out exotic spacetimes in general relativity. We study quantum inequalities for a scalar field with a background potential (i.e., a mass that varies with spacetime position) in Minkowski space. We treat the potential as a perturbation and explicitly calculate the first-order correction to a quantum inequality with an arbitrary sampling function, using general results of Fewster and Smith. For an arbitrary potential, we give bounds on the correction in terms of the maximum values of the potential and its first three derivatives. The techniques we develop here will also be applicable to quantum inequalities in general spacetimes with small curvature, which are necessary to rule out exotic phenomena.

gr-qc↗