Counting Integral Points in Polytopes via Numerical Analysis of Contour Integration
In this paper, we address the problem of counting integer points in a rational polytope described by $P(y) = \{ x \in \mathbb{R}^m \colon Ax = y, x \geq 0\}$, where $A$ is an $n \times m$ integer matrix and $y$ is an $n$-dimensional integer vector. We study the Z-transformation approach initiated by Brion-Vergne, Beck, and Lasserre-Zeron from the numerical analysis point of view, and obtain a new algorithm on this problem: If $A$ is nonnegative, then the number of integer points in $P(y)$ can be computed in $O(\mathrm{poly} (n,m, \|y\|_\infty) (\|y\|_\infty + 1)^n)$ time and $O(\mathrm{poly} (n,m, \|y\|_\infty))$ space.This improves, in terms of space complexity, a naive DP algorithm with $O((\|y\|_\infty + 1)^n)$-size DP table. Our result is based on the standard error analysis to the numerical contour integration for the inverse Z-transform, and establish a new type of an inclusion-exclusion formula for integer points in $P(y)$. We apply our result to hypergraph $b$-matching, and obtain a $O(\mathrm{poly}( n,m,\|b\|_\infty) (\|b\|_\infty +1)^{(1-1/k)n})$ time algorithm for counting $b$-matchings in a $k$-partite hypergraph with $n$ vertices and $m$ hyperedges. This result is viewed as a $b$-matching generalization of the classical result by Ryser for $k=2$ and its multipartite extension by Bj{ö}rklund-Husfeldt.