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Kenley Jung

Publications and source records attributed to Kenley Jung.

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The Bootstrap and von Neumann algebras: The Maximal Intersection Lemma

Given a suitably nested family $Z = \langle Z(m,k,γ) \rangle_{m,k \in \mathbb N, γ>0}$ of Borel subsets of matrices, and associated Borel measures and rate function, $μ$, an entropy, $χ^μ(Z)$, is introduced which generalizes the microstates free entropy in free probability theory. Under weak regularity conditions there exists a finite tuple of operators $X$ in a tracial von Neumann algebra such that \begin{eqnarray*} χ^μ(X) & \geq & χ^μ(X \cap Z) & = & χ^μ(Z)\\ \end{eqnarray*} where $X \cap Z = \langle Γ(X;m,k,γ) \cap Z(m,k,γ) \rangle_{m, k \in \mathbb N, γ>0}$. This observation can be used to establish the existence of finite tuples of operators with finite $χ^μ$-entropy. The intuition and proof come from the bootstrap in statistical inference.

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The Rank Theorem and $L^2$-invariants in Free Entropy: Global Upper Bounds

Using an analogy with the rank theorem in differential geometry, it is shown that for a finite $n$-tuple $X$ in a tracial von Neumann algebra and any finite $m$-tuple $F$ of $*$-polynomials in $n$ noncommuting indeterminates, \begin{eqnarray*} δ_0(X) & \leq & \text{Nullity}(D^sF(X)) + δ_0(F(X):X) \end{eqnarray*} where $δ_0$ is the (modified) microstates free entropy dimension and $D^sF(X)$ is a kind of derivative of $F$ evaluated at $X$. When $F(X) =0$ and $|D^sF(X)|$ has nonzero Fuglede-Kadison-Lück determinant, then $X$ is $α$-bounded in the sense of \cite{j3} where $α= \text{Nullity}(D^sF(X))$. Using Linnell's $L^2$ integral domain results in \cite{l} as well as Elek and Szabó's work on Lück's determinant conjecture for sofic groups in \cite{es} the following result is proven. Suppose $Γ$ is a sofic, left-orderable, discrete group with 2 generators and $Γ\neq \{0\}$. The following conditions are equivalent: (1) $Γ\not\simeq \mathbb F_2$. (2) $L(Γ) \not\simeq L(\mathbb F_2)$. (3) $L(Γ)$ is strongly $1$-bounded. (4) $δ_0(X) = 1$ for any finite set of generators $X$ for $L(Γ)$. From Brodskiĭ and Howie's results on local indicability (\cite{b}, \cite{h}), it follows that a sofic, torsion-free, one-relator group von Neumann algebra on two generators with nontrivial relator is strongly $1$-bounded. It also follows from the residual solvability of the positive one relator groups (\cite{baum}) that a one-relator group von Neumann algebra on two generators whose relator is a nontrivial, positive, non-proper word in the generators is strongly $1$-bounded.

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Free Entropy Dimension in Amalgamated Free Products

We calculate the microstates free entropy dimension of natural generators in an amalgamated free product of certain von Neumann algebras, with amalgamation over a hyperfinite subalgebra. In particular, some `exotic' Popa algebra generators of free group factors are shown to have the expected free entropy dimension. We also show that microstates and non--microstates free entropy dimension agree for generating sets of many groups. In the appendix by Wolfgang Lueck, the first L^2-Betti number for certain amalgamated free products of groups is calculated.

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Graphs of functions and vanishing free entropy

Suppose X is an n-tuple of selfadjoint elements in a tracial von Neumann algebra M. If z is a selfadjoint element in M and for some selfadjoint element y in the von Neumann algebra generated by X $δ_0(y, z) < δ_0(y) + δ_0(z)$, then $χ(X \cup \{z\}) = -\infty$ (here $χ$ and $δ_0$ denote the microstates free entropy and free entropy dimension, respectively). In particular, if z lies in the von Neumann algebra generated by X, then $χ(X \cup \{z\}) = -\infty$. The statement and its proof are motivated by geometric-measure-theoretic results on graphs of functions. A similar statement for the nonmicrostates free entropy is obtained under the much stronger hypothesis that z lies in the algebra generated by X.

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Amenability, tubularity, and embeddings into $\mathcal R^ω$

Suppose $M$ is a tracial von Neumann algebra embeddable into $\mathcal R^ω$ (the ultraproduct of the hyperfinite $II_1$-factor) and $X$ is an $n$-tuple of selfadjoint generators for $M$. Denote by $Γ(X;m,k,γ)$ the microstate space of $X$ of order $(m,k,γ)$. We say that $X$ is tubular if for any $ε>0$ there exist $m \in \mathbb N$ and $γ>0$ such that if $(x_1,..., x_n), (y_1, ..., y_n) \in Γ(X;m,k,γ),$ then there exists a $k \times k$ unitary $u$ satisfying $|ux_iu^* - y_i|_2 < ε$ for each $1 \leq i \leq n.$ We show that the following conditions are equivalent: 1) $M$ is amenable (i.e., injective). 2) $X$ is tubular; 3) Any two embeddings of $M$ into $\mathcal R^ω$ are conjugate by a unitary u in $\mathcal R^ω$.

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A propagation property of free entropy dimension

Let M be a tracial von Neumann algebra and A be a weakly dense unital C*-subalgebra of M. We say that a set X is a W*-generating set for M if the von Neumann algebra generated by X is M and that X is a C*-generating set for A if the unital C*-algebra generated by X is A. For any finite W*-generating set X for M we show that $δ_0(X) \leq sup {δ_0(Y): Y is a finite C*-generating set for A}$ where $δ_0$ denotes the microstates free entropy dimension. It follows that if $sup {δ_0(Y): Y is a finite C*-generating set for C*_{red}(\mathbb F_2)} < \infty$, then the free group factors are all nonisomorphic.

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All generating sets of all property T von Neumann algebras have free entropy dimension $\leq 1$

Suppose $N$ is a diffuse, property T von Neumann algebra and X is an arbitrary finite generating set of selfadjoint elements for N. By using rigidity/deformation arguments applied to representations of N in full matrix algebras, we deduce that the microstate spaces of X are asymptotically discrete up to unitary conjugacy. We use this description to show that the free entropy dimension of X, $δ_0(X)$, is less than or equal to 1. It follows that when N embeds into the ultraproduct of the hyperfinite $\mathrm{II}_1$-factor, then $δ_0(X)=1$ and otherwise, $δ_0(X)=-\infinity$. This generalizes the earlier results of Voiculescu, and Ge, Shen pertaining to $SL_n(\mathbb Z)$ as well as the results of Connes, Shlyakhtenko pertaining to group generators of arbitrary property T algebras.

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Strongly 1-bounded von Neumann algebras

Suppose F is a finite set of selfadjoint elements in a tracial von Neumann algebra M. For $α>0$, F is $α$-bounded if the free packing $α$-entropy of F is bounded from above. We say that M is strongly 1-bounded if M has a 1-bounded finite set of selfadjoint generators F such that there exists an x in F with finite free entropy. It is shown that if M is strongly 1-bounded, then any finite set of selfadjoint generators G for M is 1-bounded and the microstates free entropy dimension of G is less than or equal to 1; consequently, a strongly 1-bounded von Neumann algebra is not isomorphic to an interpolated free group factor and the microstates free entropy dimension is an invariant for these algebras. Examples of strongly 1-bounded von Neumann algebras include (separable) II_1-factors which have property Gamma, have Cartan subalgebras, are non-prime, or the group von Neumann algebras of SL_n(Z), n >2. If M and N are strongly 1-bounded and their intersection is diffuse, then the von Neumann algebra generated by M and N is strongly 1-bounded. In particular, a free product of two strongly 1-bounded von Neumann algebras with amalgamation over a common, diffuse von Neumann subalgebra is strongly 1-bounded. It is also shown that a II_1-factor generated by the normalizer of a strongly 1-bounded von Neumann subalgebra is strongly 1-bounded.

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Some free entropy dimension inequalities for subfactors

Suppose $N \subset M$ is an inclusion of $II_1$-factors of finite index. If $N$ can be generated by a finite set of elements, then there exist finite generating sets $X$ for $N$ and $Y$ for $M$ such that $δ_0(X) \geq δ_0(Y)$, where $δ_0$ denotes Voiculescu's microstates (modified) free entropy dimension. Moreover given $ε>0$ one has $δ_0(F) \geq δ_0(G) \geq ([M:N]^{-2} -ε) \cdot (δ_0(F) -1) + 1 - ε$ for certain generating sets $F$ for $N$ and $G$ for $M$.

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Fractal entropies and dimensions for microstate spaces, II

For a selfadjoint element x in a tracial von Neumann algebra and $α= δ_0(x)$ we compute bounds for $\mathbb H^α(x),$ where $\mathbb H^α(x)$ is the free Hausdorff $α$-entropy of $x.$ The bounds are in terms of $\int \int_{\mathbb R^2 -D} \log |y-z| dμ(y) dμ(z)$ where $μ$ is the Borel measure on the spectrum of x induced by the trace and $D \subset \mathbb R^2$ is the diagonal. We compute similar bounds for the free Hausdorff entropy of a free family of selfadjoints.

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A hyperfinite inequality for free entropy dimension

If $X, Y,$ and $Z$ are finite sets of selfadjoint elements in a tracial von Neumann algebra and $X$ generates a hyperfinite von Neumann algebra, then $δ_0(X \cup Y \cup Z) \leq δ_0(X \cup Y) + δ_0(X \cup Z) - δ_0(X).$ We draw several corollaries from this inequality.

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The free entropy dimension of hyperfinite von Neumann algebras

Suppose M is a hyperfinite von Neumann algebra with a tracial state $ϕ$ and $\{a_1,...,a_n\}$ is a set of selfadjoint generators for M. We calculate $δ_0(a_1,...,a_n)$, the modified free entropy dimension of $\{a_1,...,a_n\}$. Moreover we show that $δ_0(a_1,...,a_n)$ depends only on M and $ϕ$. Consequently $δ_0(a_1,...,a_n)$ is independent of the choice of generators for M. In the course of the argument we show that if $\{b_1,...,b_n\}$ is a set of selfadjoint generators for a von Neumann algebra R with a tracial state and $\{b_1,...,b_n\}$ has finite dimensional approximants, then for any $b\in R$ $δ_0(b_1,...,b_n)\geq δ_0(b)$. Combined with a result by Voiculescu this implies that if R has a regular diffuse hyperfinite von Neumann subalgebra, then $δ_0(b_1,...,b_n)=1$.

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Fractal entropies and dimensions for microstate spaces

Using Voiculescu's notion of a matricial microstate we introduce fractal dimensions and entropies for finite sets of selfadjoint operators in a tracial von Neumann algebra. We show that they possess properties similar to their classical predecessors. We relate the new quantities to free entropy and free entropy dimension and show that a modified version of free Hausdorff dimension is an algebraic invariant. We compute the free Hausdorff dimension in the cases where the set generates a finite dimensional algebra or where the set consists of a single selfadjoint. We show that the free Hausdorff dimension becomes additive for such sets in the presence of freeness.

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A Free Entropy Dimension Lemma

Suppose M is a von Neumann algebra with normal, tracial state phi and {a_1,...,a_n} is a set of self-adjoint elements in M. We provide an alternative uniform packing description of delta_0(a_1,...,a_n), the modified free entropy dimension of {a_1,...,a_n}.

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