arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Kenneth L. Baker.
A knot is called an L-space knot if it admits a positive Dehn surgery yielding an L-space. In the SnapPy census, there are exactly 9 asymmetric L-space knots. Among them, the knot t12533 is the only known example of braid index 4. We generalize this knot, and give the first infinite family of asymmetric hyperbolic L-space knots of braid index 4.
By twisting a given link $L$ along an unknotted circle $c$, we obtain an infinite family of links $\{ L_n \}$. We introduce the ``stable unknotting number'' which describes the asymptotic behavior of unknotting numbers of links in the twist family. We show the stable unknotting number for any twist family of links depends only on the winding number of $L$ about $c$ (the minimum geometric intersection number of $L$ with a Seifert surface of $c$) and is independent of the wrapping number of $L$ about $c$ (the minimum geometric intersection number of $L$ with a disk bounded by $c$). Thus there are twist families for which the discrepancy between the wrapping number and the stable unknotting number is arbitrarily large.
The first and last named authors have demonstrated the existence of knots for which every integral slope is non-characterizing. In this short note, we extend this result in two ways. There exists a knot that shares for every integer n the same n-trace with infinitely many mutually distinct knots. Moreover, every knot is concordant to a knot that is not detected by any of its traces.
We construct genus one knots whose handle number is only realized by Seifert surfaces of non-minimal genus. These are counterexamples to the conjecture that the Seifert genus of a knot is its Morse-Novikov genus. As the Morse-Novikov genus may be greater than the Seifert genus, we define the genus $g$ Morse-Novikov number $MN_g(L)$ as the minimum handle number among Seifert surfaces for $L$ of genus $g$. Since, as we further show, the Morse-Novikov genus and the minimal genus Morse-Novikov number are additive under connected sum of knots, it then follows that there exists examples for which the discrepancies between Seifert genus and Morse-Novikov genus and between the Morse-Novikov number and the minimal genus Morse-Novikov number can be made arbitrarily large.
In this article, we explore phenomena relating to quasi-alternating surgeries on knots, where a quasi-alternating surgery on a knot is a Dehn surgery yielding the double branched cover of a quasi-alternating link. Since the double branched cover of a quasi-alternating link is an L-space, quasi-alternating surgeries are special examples of L-space surgeries. We show that all SnapPy census L-space knots admit quasi-alternating surgeries except for the knots t09847 and o9_30634, neither of which have any quasi-alternating surgeries. In particular, this finishes Dunfield's classification of the L-space knots among all SnapPy census knots. In addition, we show that all asymmetric census L-space knots have exactly two quasi-alternating slopes and that these are consecutive integers. Similar behavior is observed for some of the Baker-Luecke asymmetric L-space knots. We also classify the quasi-alternating surgeries on torus knots and show that the set of formal L-space slopes is either empty or infinite This allows us to give examples of asymmetric formal L-spaces.
Surgery on a knot in $S^3$ is said to be an alternating surgery if it yields the double branched cover of an alternating link. The main theoretical contribution is to show that the set of alternating surgery slopes is algorithmically computable and to establish several structural results. Furthermore, we calculate the set of alternating surgery slopes for many examples of knots, including all hyperbolic knots in the SnapPy census. These examples exhibit several interesting phenomena including strongly invertible knots with a unique alternating surgery and asymmetric knots with two alternating surgery slopes. We also establish upper bounds on the set of alternating surgeries, showing that an alternating surgery slope on a hyperbolic knot satisfies $|p/q| \leq 3g(K)+4$. Notably, this bound applies to lens space surgeries, thereby strengthening the known genus bounds from the conjecture of Goda and Teragaito.
We present two examples of strongly invertible L-space knots whose surgeries are never the double branched cover of a Khovanov thin link in the 3-sphere. Consequently, these knots provide counterexamples to a conjectural characterization of strongly invertible L-space knots due to Watson. We also discuss other exceptional properties of these two knots, for example, these two L-space knots have formal semigroups that are actual semigroups.
A totally oriented Klein graph is a trivalent spatial graph in the 3-sphere with a 3-coloring of its edges and an orientation on each bicolored link. A totally oriented Klein foam is a 3-colored 2-complex in the 4-ball whose boundary is a Klein foam and whose bicolored surfaces are oriented. We extend Gille-Robert's signature for 3-Hamiltonian Klein graphs to all totally oriented Klein graphs and develop an analogy of Murasugi's bounds relating the signature, slice genus and unknotting number of knots. In particular, we show that the signature of a totally oriented Klein graph produces a lower bound on the negative orbifold Euler characteristic of certain totally oriented Klein foams bounded by $\Gamma$. When $\Gamma$ is abstractly planar, these negative Euler characteristics, in turn, produce a lower bound on a certain natural unknotting number for $\Gamma$. Mutatis mutandi, we produce lower bounds on the corresponding Gordian distance between two totally oriented Klein graphs that can be related by a sequence of crossing changes. We also give examples of theta-curves for which our lower bounds on unknotting number improve on previously known bounds.
Twisting a given knot $K$ about an unknotted circle $c$ a full $n \in \mathbb{N}$ times, we obtain a "twist family" of knots $\{ K_n \}$. Work of Kouno-Motegi-Shibuya implies that for a non-trivial twist family the crossing numbers $\{c(K_n)\}$ of the knots in a twist family grows unboundedly. However potentially this growth is rather slow and may never become monotonic. Nevertheless, based upon the apparent diagrams of a twist family of knots, one expects the growth should eventually be linear. Indeed we conjecture that if $\eta$ is the geometric wrapping number of $K$ about $c$, then the crossing number of $K_n$ grows like $n \eta(\eta-1)$ as $n \to \infty$. To formulate this, we introduce the "stable crossing number" of a twist family of knots and establish the conjecture for (i) coherent twist families where the geometric wrapping and algebraic winding of $K$ about $c$ agree and (ii) twist families with wrapping number $2$ subject to an additional condition. Using the lower bound on a knot's crossing number in terms of its genus via Yamada's braiding algorithm, we bound the stable crossing number from below using the growth of the genera of knots in a twist family. (This also prompts a discussion of the "stable braid index".) As an application, we prove that highly twisted satellite knots in a twist family where the companion is twisted as well satisfy the Satellite Crossing Number Conjecture.
We show that, for hyperbolic fibred knots in the three-sphere, the volume and the genus are unrelated. Furthermore, for such knots, the volume is unrelated to strong quasipositivity and Seifert form.
Every null-homologous link in an oriented 3-manifold is isotopic to the boundary of a ribbon of a Legendrian graph for any overtwisted contact structure. However this is not the case if the boundary is required to be non-loose. Here, we define the `Tight Reattachment Property' for a Legendrian graph and show that it implies the boundary of its ribbon is non-loose. We also discuss the applicability of this property and examine examples and constructions of Legendrian graphs with this property.
Extending Haken's Theorem to product annuli and disks for Heegaard splittings of sutured manifolds, we show that the handle number of an irreducible sutured manifold equals the handle number of its guts. We further show that reduced sutured manifolds with torus boundary contained in $S^3$ fall in to three types that generalize the three models of guts of knots that are nearly fibered in the instanton or Heegaard Floer sense. In conjunction with these results and another concerning uniqueness of incompressible Seifert surfaces, we show that while many nearly fibered knots have handle number $2$ and a unique incompressible Seifert surface, some have handle number $4$ and others have extra incompressible Seifert surfaces. Examples of nearly fibered knots with non-isotopic incompressible Seifert surfaces are exhibited.
Developed from geometric arguments for bounding the Morse-Novikov number of a link in terms of its tunnel number, we obtain upper and lower bounds on the handle number of a Heegaard splitting of a sutured manifold $(M,γ)$ in terms of the handle number of its decompositions along a surface representing a given 2nd homology class. Fixing the sutured structure $(M,γ)$, this leads us to develop the handle number function $h \colon H_2(M,\partial M;\mathbb{R}) \to \mathbb{N}$ which is bounded, constant on rays from the origin, and locally maximal. Furthermore, for an integral class $ξ$, $h(ξ)=0$ if and only if the decomposition of $(M,γ)$ along some surface representing $ξ$ is a product manifold.
The Slope Conjecture proposed by Garoufalidis asserts that the degree of the colored Jones polynomial determines a boundary slope, and its refinement, the Strong Slope Conjecture proposed by Kalfagianni and Tran asserts that the linear term in the degree determines the topology of an essential surface that satisfies the Slope Conjecture. Under certain hypotheses, we show that Mazur doubles of knots satisfy the Strong Slope Conjecture if the original knot does. Consequently, any knot obtained by a finite sequence of cabling, untwisted w--generalized Whitehead doublings with w > 0, connected sums and Mazur doublings of B--adequate knots or torus knots satisfies the Strong Slope Conjecture. On the other hand, it may be worth mentioning that under these hypotheses, if there exists a knot with a Jones slope less than -1/4, then its Mazur double would either provide a counterexample to the Strong Slope Conjecture or have a Jones surface that is unrelated to any Jones surface of the knot. Following work of Kalfagianni and Lee, we also use our results to show that the Mazur double of an adequate knot K with trivial writhe has crossing number either 9c(K)+2 or 9c(K)+3.
We exhibit braid positive presentations for all L-space knots in the SnapPy census except one, which is not braid positive. The normalized HOMFLY polynomial of o9_30634, when suitably normalized is not positive, failing a condition of Ito for braid positive knots. We generalize this knot to a 1-parameter family of hyperbolic L-space knots that might not be braid positive. Nevertheless, as pointed out by Teragaito, this family yields the first examples of hyperbolic L-space knots whose formal semigroups are actual semigroups, answering a question of Wang. Furthermore, the roots of the Alexander polynomials of these knots are all roots of unity, disproving a conjecture of Li-Ni.
We show that if a composite $θ$-curve has (proper rational) unknotting number one, then it is the order 2 sum of a (proper rational) unknotting number one knot and a trivial $θ$-curve. We also prove similar results for 2-strand tangles and knotoids.
We show the Morse-Novikov number of knots in $S^3$ is additive under connected sum and unchanged by cabling.
Myers shows that every compact, connected, orientable $3$--manifold with no $2$--sphere boundary components contains a hyperbolic knot. We use work of Ikeda with an observation of Adams-Reid to show that every $3$--manifold subject to the above conditions contains a hyperbolic knot which admits a non-trivial non-hyperbolic surgery, a toroidal surgery in particular. We conclude with a question and a conjecture about reducible surgeries.