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Keren Censor-Hillel

Publications and source records attributed to Keren Censor-Hillel.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Locally Checkable Labelings with Small Messages

A rich line of work has been addressing the computational complexity of locally checkable labelings (LCLs), illustrating the landscape of possible complexities. In this paper, we study the landscape of LCL complexities under bandwidth restrictions. Our main results are twofold. First, we show that on trees, the CONGEST complexity of an LCL problem is asymptotically equal to its complexity in the LOCAL model. An analog statement for general (non-LCL) problems is known to be false. Second, we show that for general graphs this equivalence does not hold, by providing an LCL problem for which we show that it can be solved in $O(\log n)$ rounds in the LOCAL model, but requires $\tildeΩ(n^{1/2})$ rounds in the CONGEST model.

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Fault Tolerant Max-Cut

In this work, we initiate the study of fault tolerant Max Cut, where given an edge-weighted undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, the goal is to find a cut $S\subseteq V$ that maximizes the total weight of edges that cross $S$ even after an adversary removes $k$ vertices from $G$. We consider two types of adversaries: an adaptive adversary that sees the outcome of the random coin tosses used by the algorithm, and an oblivious adversary that does not. For any constant number of failures $k$ we present an approximation of $(0.878-ε)$ against an adaptive adversary and of $α_{GW}\approx 0.8786$ against an oblivious adversary (here $α_{GW}$ is the approximation achieved by the random hyperplane algorithm of [Goemans-Williamson J. ACM `95]). Additionally, we present a hardness of approximation of $α_{GW}$ against both types of adversaries, rendering our results (virtually) tight. The non-linear nature of the fault tolerant objective makes the design and analysis of algorithms harder when compared to the classic Max Cut. Hence, we employ approaches ranging from multi-objective optimization to LP duality and the ellipsoid algorithm to obtain our results.

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Near-Optimal Scheduling in the Congested Clique

This paper provides three nearly-optimal algorithms for scheduling $t$ jobs in the $\mathsf{CLIQUE}$ model. First, we present a deterministic scheduling algorithm that runs in $O(\mathsf{GlobalCongestion} + \mathsf{dilation})$ rounds for jobs that are sufficiently efficient in terms of their memory. The $\mathsf{dilation}$ is the maximum round complexity of any of the given jobs, and the $\mathsf{GlobalCongestion}$ is the total number of messages in all jobs divided by the per-round bandwidth of $n^2$ of the $\mathsf{CLIQUE}$ model. Both are inherent lower bounds for any scheduling algorithm. Then, we present a randomized scheduling algorithm which runs $t$ jobs in $O(\mathsf{GlobalCongestion} + \mathsf{dilation}\cdot\log{n}+t)$ rounds and only requires that inputs and outputs do not exceed $O(n\log n)$ bits per node, which is met by, e.g., almost all graph problems. Lastly, we adjust the \emph{random-delay-based} scheduling algorithm [Ghaffari, PODC'15] from the $\mathsf{CLIQUE}$ model and obtain an algorithm that schedules any $t$ jobs in $O(t / n + \mathsf{LocalCongestion} + \mathsf{dilation}\cdot\log{n})$ rounds, where the $\mathsf{LocalCongestion}$ relates to the congestion at a single node of the $\mathsf{CLIQUE}$. We compare this algorithm to the previous approaches and show their benefit. We schedule the set of jobs on-the-fly, without a priori knowledge of its parameters or the communication patterns of the jobs. In light of the inherent lower bounds, all of our algorithms are nearly-optimal. We exemplify the power of our algorithms by analyzing the message complexity of the state-of-the-art MIS protocol [Ghaffari, Gouleakis, Konrad, Mitrovic and Rubinfeld, PODC'18], and we show that we can solve $t$ instances of MIS in $O(t + \log\logΔ\log{n})$ rounds, that is, in $O(1)$ amortized time, for $t\geq \log\logΔ\log{n}$.

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Fast Distributed Algorithms for Girth, Cycles and Small Subgraphs

In this paper we give fast distributed graph algorithms for detecting and listing small subgraphs, and for computing or approximating the girth. Our algorithms improve upon the state of the art by polynomial factors, and for girth, we obtain an constant-time algorithm for additive +1 approximation in the Congested Clique, and the first parametrized algorithm for exact computation in CONGEST. In the Congested Clique, we develop a technique for learning small neighborhoods, and apply it to obtain an $O(1)$-round algorithm that computes the girth with only an additive +1 error. Next, we introduce a new technique (the partition tree technique) allowing for efficiently and deterministically listing all copies of any subgraph, improving upon the state-of the-art for non-dense graphs. We give two applications of this technique: First we show that for constant $k$, $C_{2k}$-detection can be solved in $O(1)$ rounds in the Congested Clique, improving on prior work which used matrix multiplication and had polynomial round complexity. Second, we show that in triangle-free graphs, the girth can be exactly computed in time polynomially faster than the best known bounds for general graphs. In CONGEST, we describe a new approach for finding cycles, and apply it in two ways: first we show a fast parametrized algorithm for girth with round complexity $\tilde{O}(\min(g\cdot n^{1-1/Θ(g)},n))$ for any girth $g$; and second, we show how to find small even-length cycles $C_{2k}$ for $k = 3,4,5$ in $O(n^{1-1/k})$ rounds, which is a polynomial improvement upon the previous running times. Finally, using our improved $C_6$-freeness algorithm and the barrier on proving lower bounds on triangle-freeness of Eden et al., we show that improving the current $\tildeΩ(\sqrt{n})$ lower bound for $C_6$-freeness of Korhonen et al. by any polynomial factor would imply strong circuit complexity lower bounds.

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Distance Computations in the Hybrid Network Model via Oracle Simulations

The Hybrid network model was introduced in [Augustine et al., SODA '20] for laying down a theoretical foundation for networks which combine two possible modes of communication: One mode allows high-bandwidth communication with neighboring nodes, and the other allows low-bandwidth communication over few long-range connections at a time. This fundamentally abstracts networks such as hybrid data centers, and class-based software-defined networks. Our technical contribution is a \emph{density-aware} approach that allows us to simulate a set of \emph{oracles} for an overlay skeleton graph over a Hybrid network. As applications of our oracle simulations, with additional machinery that we provide, we derive fast algorithms for fundamental distance-related tasks. One of our core contributions is an algorithm in the Hybrid model for computing \emph{exact} weighted shortest paths from $\tilde O(n^{1/3})$ sources which completes in $\tilde O(n^{1/3})$ rounds w.h.p. This improves, in both the runtime and the number of sources, upon the algorithm of [Kuhn and Schneider, PODC '20], which computes shortest paths from a single source in $\tilde O(n^{2/5})$ rounds w.h.p. We additionally show a 2-approximation for weighted diameter and a $(1+ε)$-approximation for unweighted diameter, both in $\tilde O(n^{1/3})$ rounds w.h.p., which is comparable to the $\tilde Ω(n^{1/3})$ lower bound of [Kuhn and Schneider, PODC '20] for a $(2-ε)$-approximation for weighted diameter and an exact unweighted diameter. We also provide fast distance \emph{approximations} from multiple sources and fast approximations for eccentricities.

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Distributed Distance Approximation

Diameter, radius and eccentricities are fundamental graph parameters, which are extensively studied in various computational settings. Typically, computing approximate answers can be much more efficient compared with computing exact solutions. In this paper, we give a near complete characterization of the trade-offs between approximation ratios and round complexity of distributed algorithms for approximating these parameters, with a focus on the weighted and directed variants. Furthermore, we study \emph{bi-chromatic} variants of these parameters defined on a graph whose vertices are colored either red or blue, and one focuses only on distances for pairs of vertices that are colored differently. Motivated by applications in computational geometry, bi-chromatic diameter, radius and eccentricities have been recently studied in the sequential setting [Backurs et al. STOC'18, Dalirrooyfard et al. ICALP'19]. We provide the first distributed upper and lower bounds for such problems. Our technical contributions include introducing the notion of \emph{approximate pseudo-center}, which extends the \emph{pseudo-centers} of [Choudhary and Gold SODA'20], and presenting an efficient distributed algorithm for computing approximate pseudo-centers. On the lower bound side, our constructions introduce the usage of new functions into the framework of reductions from 2-party communication complexity to distributed algorithms.

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Tight Distributed Listing of Cliques

Much progress has recently been made in understanding the complexity landscape of subgraph finding problems in the CONGEST model of distributed computing. However, so far, very few tight bounds are known in this area. For triangle (i.e., 3-clique) listing, an optimal $\tilde{O}(n^{1/3})$-round distributed algorithm has been constructed by Chang et al.~[SODA 2019, PODC 2019]. Recent works of Eden et al.~[DISC 2019] and of Censor-Hillel et al.~[PODC 2020] have shown sublinear algorithms for $K_p$-listing, for each $p \geq 4$, but still leaving a significant gap between the upper bounds and the known lower bounds of the problem. In this paper, we completely close this gap. We show that for each $p \geq 4$, there is an $\tilde{O}(n^{1 - 2/p})$-round distributed algorithm that lists all $p$-cliques $K_p$ in the communication network. Our algorithm is \emph{optimal} up to a polylogarithmic factor, due to the $\tildeΩ(n^{1 - 2/p})$-round lower bound of Fischer et al.~[SPAA 2018], which holds even in the CONGESTED CLIQUE model. Together with the triangle-listing algorithm by Chang et al.~[SODA 2019, PODC 2019], our result thus shows that the round complexity of $K_p$-listing, for all $p$, is the same in both the CONGEST and CONGESTED CLIQUE models, at $\tildeΘ(n^{1 - 2/p})$ rounds. For $p=4$, our result additionally matches the $\tildeΩ(n^{1/2})$ lower bound for $K_4$-\emph{detection} by Czumaj and Konrad [DISC 2018], implying that the round complexities for detection and listing of $K_4$ are equivalent in the CONGEST model.

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Fast Deterministic Algorithms for Highly-Dynamic Networks

This paper provides an algorithmic framework for obtaining fast distributed algorithms for a highly-dynamic setting, in which *arbitrarily many* edge changes may occur in each round. Our algorithm significantly improves upon prior work in its combination of (1) having an $O(1)$ amortized time complexity, (2) using only $O(\log{n})$-bit messages, (3) not posing any restrictions on the dynamic behavior of the environment, (4) being deterministic, (5) having strong guarantees for intermediate solutions, and (6) being applicable for a wide family of tasks. The tasks for which we deduce such an algorithm are maximal matching, $(degree+1)$-coloring, 2-approximation for minimum weight vertex cover, and maximal independent set (which is the most subtle case). For some of these tasks, node insertions can also be among the allowed topology changes, and for some of them also abrupt node deletions.

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Finding Subgraphs in Highly Dynamic Networks

In this paper we consider the fundamental problem of finding subgraphs in highly dynamic distributed networks - networks which allow an arbitrary number of links to be inserted / deleted per round. We show that the problems of $k$-clique membership listing (for any $k\geq 3$), 4-cycle listing and 5-cycle listing can be deterministically solved in $O(1)$-amortized round complexity, even with limited logarithmic-sized messages. To achieve $k$-clique membership listing we introduce a very useful combinatorial structure which we name the robust $2$-hop neighborhood. This is a subset of the 2-hop neighborhood of a node, and we prove that it can be maintained in highly dynamic networks in $O(1)$-amortized rounds. We also show that maintaining the actual 2-hop neighborhood of a node requires near linear amortized time, showing the necessity of our definition. For $4$-cycle and $5$-cycle listing, we need edges within hop distance 3, for which we similarly define the robust $3$-hop neighborhood and prove it can be maintained in highly dynamic networks in $O(1)$-amortized rounds. We complement the above with several impossibility results. We show that membership listing of any other graph on $k\geq 3$ nodes except $k$-clique requires an almost linear number of amortized communication rounds. We also show that $k$-cycle listing for $k\geq 6$ requires $Ω(\sqrt{n} / \log n)$ amortized rounds. This, combined with our upper bounds, paints a detailed picture of the complexity landscape for ultra fast graph finding algorithms in this highly dynamic environment.

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On Distributed Listing of Cliques

We show an $\tilde{O}(n^{p/(p+2)})$-round algorithm in the \congest model for \emph{listing} of $K_p$ (a clique with $p$ nodes), for all $p =4, p\geq 6$. For $p = 5$, we show an $\tilde{O}(n^{3/4})$-round algorithm. For $p=4$ and $p=5$, our results improve upon the previous state-of-the-art of $O(n^{5/6+o(1)})$ and $O(n^{21/22+o(1)})$, respectively, by Eden et al. [DISC 2019]. For all $p\geq 6$, ours is the first sub-linear round algorithm for $K_p$ listing. We leverage the recent expander decomposition algorithm of Chang et al. [SODA 2019] to create clusters with a good mixing time. Three key novelties in our algorithm are: (1) we carefully iterate our listing process with coupled values of min-degree within the clusters and arboricity outside the clusters, (2) all the listing is done within the cluster, which necessitates new techniques for bringing into the cluster the information about \emph{all} edges that can potentially form $K_p$ instances with the cluster edges, and (3) within each cluster we use a sparsity-aware listing algorithm, which is faster than a general listing algorithm and which we can allow the cluster to use since we make sure to sparsify the graph as the iterations proceed. As a byproduct of our algorithm, we show an \emph{optimal} sparsity-aware algorithm for $K_p$ listing, which runs in $\tildeΘ(1 + m/n^{1 + 2/p})$ rounds in the \clique model. Previously, Pandurangan et al. [SPAA 2018], Chang et al. [SODA 2019], and Censor-Hillel et al. [TCS 2020] showed sparsity-aware algorithms for the case of $p = 3$, yet ours is the first such sparsity aware algorithm for $p \geq 4$.

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Distributed Approximation on Power Graphs

We investigate graph problems in the following setting: we are given a graph $G$ and we are required to solve a problem on $G^2$. While we focus mostly on exploring this theme in the distributed CONGEST model, we show new results and surprising connections to the centralized model of computation. In the CONGEST model, it is natural to expect that problems on $G^2$ would be quite difficult to solve efficiently on $G$, due to congestion. However, we show that the picture is both more complicated and more interesting. Specifically, we encounter two phenomena acting in opposing directions: (i) slowdown due to congestion and (ii) speedup due to structural properties of $G^2$. We demonstrate these two phenomena via two fundamental graph problems, namely, Minimum Vertex Cover (MVC) and Minimum Dominating Set (MDS). Among our many contributions, the highlights are the following. - In the CONGEST model, we show an $O(n/ε)$-round $(1+ε)$-approximation algorithm for MVC on $G^2$, while no $o(n^2)$-round algorithm is known for any better-than-2 approximation for MVC on $G$. - We show a centralized polynomial time $5/3$-approximation algorithm for MVC on $G^2$, whereas a better-than-2 approximation is UGC-hard for $G$. - In contrast, for MDS, in the CONGEST model, we show an $\tildeΩ(n^2)$ lower bound for a constant approximation factor for MDS on $G^2$, whereas an $Ω(n^2)$ lower bound for MDS on $G$ is known only for exact computation. In addition to these highlighted results, we prove a number of other results in the distributed CONGEST model including an $\tildeΩ(n^2)$ lower bound for computing an exact solution to MVC on $G^2$, a conditional hardness result for obtaining a $(1+ε)$-approximation to MVC on $G^2$, and an $O(\log Δ)$-approximation to the MDS problem on $G^2$ in $\mbox{poly}\log n$ rounds.

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The Sparsest Additive Spanner via Multiple Weighted BFS Trees

Spanners are fundamental graph structures that sparsify graphs at the cost of small stretch. In particular, in recent years, many sequential algorithms constructing additive all-pairs spanners were designed, providing very sparse small-stretch subgraphs. Remarkably, it was then shown that the known (+6)-spanner constructions are essentially the sparsest possible, that is, a larger additive stretch cannot guarantee a sparser spanner, which brought the stretch-sparsity trade-off to its limit. Distributed constructions of spanners are also abundant. However, for additive spanners, while there were algorithms constructing (+2) and (+4)-all-pairs spanners, the sparsest case of (+6)-spanners remained elusive. We remedy this by designing a new sequential algorithm for constructing a (+6)-spanner with the essentially-optimal sparsity of roughly O(n^{4/3}) edges. We then show a distributed implementation of our algorithm, answering an open problem in [Censor-Hillel et al., DISC 2016]. A main ingredient in our distributed algorithm is an efficient construction of multiple weighted BFS trees. A weighted BFS tree is a BFS tree in a weighted graph, that consists of the lightest among all shortest paths from the root to each node. We present a distributed algorithm in the CONGEST model, that constructs multiple weighted BFS trees in |S|+D-1 rounds, where S is the set of sources and D is the diameter of the network graph.

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Fast Approximate Shortest Paths in the Congested Clique

We design fast deterministic algorithms for distance computation in the congested clique model. Our key contributions include: -- A $(2+ε)$-approximation for all-pairs shortest paths in $O(\log^2{n} / ε)$ rounds on unweighted undirected graphs. With a small additional additive factor, this also applies for weighted graphs. This is the first sub-polynomial constant-factor approximation for APSP in this model. -- A $(1+ε)$-approximation for multi-source shortest paths from $O(\sqrt{n})$ sources in $O(\log^2{n} / ε)$ rounds on weighted undirected graphs. This is the first sub-polynomial algorithm obtaining this approximation for a set of sources of polynomial size. Our main techniques are new distance tools that are obtained via improved algorithms for sparse matrix multiplication, which we leverage to construct efficient hopsets and shortest paths. Furthermore, our techniques extend to additional distance problems for which we improve upon the state-of-the-art, including diameter approximation, and an exact single-source shortest paths algorithm for weighted undirected graphs in $\tilde{O}(n^{1/6})$ rounds.

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Hardness of Distributed Optimization

This paper studies lower bounds for fundamental optimization problems in the CONGEST model. We show that solving problems exactly in this model can be a hard task, by providing $\tildeΩ(n^2)$ lower bounds for cornerstone problems, such as minimum dominating set (MDS), Hamiltonian path, Steiner tree and max-cut. These are almost tight, since all of these problems can be solved optimally in $O(n^2)$ rounds. Moreover, we show that even in bounded-degree graphs and even in simple graphs with maximum degree 5 and logarithmic diameter, it holds that various tasks, such as finding a maximum independent set (MaxIS) or a minimum vertex cover, are still difficult, requiring a near-tight number of $\tildeΩ(n)$ rounds. Furthermore, we show that in some cases even approximations are difficult, by providing an $\tildeΩ(n^2)$ lower bound for a $(7/8+ε)$-approximation for MaxIS, and a nearly-linear lower bound for an $O(\log{n})$-approximation for the $k$-MDS problem for any constant $k \geq 2$, as well as for several variants of the Steiner tree problem. Our lower bounds are based on a rich variety of constructions that leverage novel observations, and reductions among problems that are specialized for the CONGEST model. However, for several additional approximation problems, as well as for exact computation of some central problems in $P$, such as maximum matching and max flow, we show that such constructions cannot be designed, by which we exemplify some limitations of this framework.

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Erasure Correction for Noisy Radio Networks

The radio network model is a well-studied model of wireless, multi-hop networks. However, radio networks make the strong assumption that messages are delivered deterministically. The recently introduced noisy radio network model relaxes this assumption by dropping messages independently at random. In this work we quantify the relative computational power of noisy radio networks and classic radio networks. In particular, given a non-adaptive protocol for a fixed radio network we show how to reliably simulate this protocol if noise is introduced with a multiplicative cost of $\mathrm{poly}(\log Δ, \log \log n)$ rounds where $n$ is the number nodes in the network and $Δ$ is the max degree. Moreover, we demonstrate that, even if the simulated protocol is not non-adaptive, it can be simulated with a multiplicative $O(Δ\log ^2 Δ)$ cost in the number of rounds. Lastly, we argue that simulations with a multiplicative overhead of $o(\log Δ)$ are unlikely to exist by proving that an $Ω(\log Δ)$ multiplicative round overhead is necessary under certain natural assumptions.

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Fast Distributed Approximation for TAP and 2-Edge-Connectivity

The tree augmentation problem (TAP) is a fundamental network design problem, in which the input is a graph $G$ and a spanning tree $T$ for it, and the goal is to augment $T$ with a minimum set of edges $Aug$ from $G$, such that $T \cup Aug$ is 2-edge-connected. TAP has been widely studied in the sequential setting. The best known approximation ratio of 2 for the weighted case dates back to the work of Frederickson and JáJá, SICOMP 1981. Recently, a 3/2-approximation was given for unweighted TAP by Kortsarz and Nutov, TALG 2016. Recent breakthroughs give an approximation of 1.458 for unweighted TAP [Grandoni et al., STOC 2018], and approximations better than 2 for bounded weights [Adjiashvili, SODA 2017; Fiorini et al., SODA 2018]. In this paper, we provide the first fast distributed approximations for TAP. We present a distributed $2$-approximation for weighted TAP which completes in $O(h)$ rounds, where $h$ is the height of $T$. When $h$ is large, we show a much faster 4-approximation algorithm for the unweighted case, completing in $O(D+\sqrt{n}\log^*{n})$ rounds, where $n$ is the number of vertices and $D$ is the diameter of $G$. Immediate consequences of our results are an $O(D)$-round 2-approximation algorithm for the minimum size 2-edge-connected spanning subgraph, which significantly improves upon the running time of previous approximation algorithms, and an $O(h_{MST}+\sqrt{n}\log^{*}{n})$-round 3-approximation algorithm for the weighted case, where $h_{MST}$ is the height of the MST of the graph. Additional applications are algorithms for verifying 2-edge-connectivity and for augmenting the connectivity of any connected spanning subgraph to 2. Finally, we complement our study with proving lower bounds for distributed approximations of TAP.

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Distributed Detection of Cliques in Dynamic Networks

This paper provides an in-depth study of the fundamental problems of finding small subgraphs in distributed dynamic networks. While some problems are trivially easy to handle, such as detecting a triangle that emerges after an edge insertion, we show that, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, other problems exhibit a wide range of complexities in terms of the trade-offs between their round and bandwidth complexities. In the case of triangles, which are only affected by the topology of the immediate neighborhood, some end results are: \begin{itemize} \item The bandwidth complexity of $1$-round dynamic triangle detection or listing is $Θ(1)$. \item The bandwidth complexity of $1$-round dynamic triangle membership listing is $Θ(1)$ for node/edge deletions, $Θ(n^{1/2})$ for edge insertions, and $Θ(n)$ for node insertions. \item The bandwidth complexity of $1$-round dynamic triangle membership detection is $Θ(1)$ for node/edge deletions, $O(\log n)$ for edge insertions, and $Θ(n)$ for node insertions. \end{itemize} Most of our upper and lower bounds are \emph{tight}. Additionally, we provide almost always tight upper and lower bounds for larger cliques.

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Sparse Matrix Multiplication and Triangle Listing in the Congested Clique Model

We multiply two $n \times n$ matrices $S,T$ over semirings in the Congested Clique model, where $n$ fully connected nodes communicate synchronously using $O(\log n)$-bit messages, within $O(nz(S)^{1/3} nz(T)^{1/3}/n + 1)$ rounds of communication, where $nz(A)$ denotes the number of non-zero elements in a matrix $A$. By leveraging the sparsity of the input matrices, our algorithm greatly reduces communication compared with general algorithms [Censor-Hillel et al., PODC 2015], improving upon the state-of-the-art for matrices with $o(n^2)$ non-zero elements. Our algorithm exhibits the additional strength of surpassing previous solutions also when only one matrix is sparse. This allows efficiently raising a sparse matrix to a power greater than 2. As applications, we speed up 4-cycle counting and APSP in sparse graphs. Our algorithmic contribution is a new \emph{deterministic} method of restructuring the input matrices in a sparsity-aware manner, which assigns each node with element-wise multiplication tasks that are not necessarily consecutive but are balanced, yielding communication-efficient multiplication. Moreover, this new deterministic method for restructuring matrices may be used to restructure the adjacency matrix of input graphs, enabling faster solutions for graph related problems. As an example, we present a new deterministic algorithm which solves the triangle listing problem in $O(m/n^{5/3} + 1)$ rounds, a complexity that was previously obtained by a \emph{randomized} algorithm [Pandurangan et al., SPAA 2018] and matches the lower bound of $\tildeΩ(n^{1/3})$ when $m=n^2$ of [Izumi and Le Gall, PODC 2017, Pandurangan et al., SPAA 2018]. Our triangle listing algorithm implies triangle counting with the same complexity of $O(m/n^{5/3} + 1)$ rounds, which is a \emph{cubic} improvement over the previous $O(m^2/n^3)$-round algorithm [Dolev et al., DISC 2012].

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