arXiv2025
The present study investigates the morphology and breakup dynamics of a freely falling drop in a vertical airstream using shadowgraphy and in-line holography. The in-line holography provides the temporal evolution of the volumetric size distribution of child droplets formed during various fragmentation processes at different Weber numbers (We). The droplet undergoes different fragmentation processes at significantly lower Weber numbers in opposed-flow configurations compared to cross-flow configurations. Our findings reveal distinct fragmentation modes, namely bag, bag-stamen, and dual-bag breakup, observed at We=9.38, 16.9, and 18.9, respectively. At We = 9.38, the combined effects of bag rupture, rim breakup, and node fragmentation generate child droplets of varying sizes, driven by the interplay of the Rayleigh-Plateau and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. At We = 16.9, the interaction of aerodynamic and shear forces leads to bag-stamen fragmentation, characterized by forming a stamen-like structure along with the bag. Both bag and bag-stamen breakups result in tri-modal size distributions. However, at We = 16.9, fewer tiny droplets are produced compared to the bag breakup observed at lower Weber numbers. In contrast, at We = 18.9, a dual-bag breakup occurs, where both bags inflate and burst simultaneously. This process generates tiny child droplets in the early stages, while larger child droplets form later due to the fragmentation of the rim and nodes, resulting in a bi-modal size distribution. We have performed a theoretical analysis using a two-parameter gamma distribution, which satisfactorily predicts the size distributions observed experimentally at different Weber numbers.