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Klas Markström

Publications and source records attributed to Klas Markström.

47 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

$F$-factors in hypergraphs via absorption

Given integers $ n \ge k >l \ge 1 $ and a $k$-graph $F$ with $|V(F)|$ divisible by $n$, define $t_l^k(n,F)$ to be the smallest integer $d$ such that every $k$-graph $H$ of order $n$ with minimum $l$-degree $δ_l(H) \ge d $ contains an $F$-factor. A classical theorem of Hajnal and Szemerédi implies that $t^2_1(n,K_t) = (1-1/t)n$ for integers $t$. For $k \ge 3$, $t^k_{k-1}(n,K_k^k)$ (the $δ_{k-1}(H)$ threshold for perfect matchings) has been determined by Kühn and Osthus (asymptotically) and Rödl, Ruciński and Szemerédi (exactly) for large $n$. In this paper, we generalise the absorption technique of Rödl, Ruciński and Szemerédi to $F$-factors. We determine the asymptotic values of $t^k_1(n,K_k^k(m))$ for $k = 3,4$ and $m \ge 1$. In addition, we show that for $t>k = 3$ and $γ>0$, $ t^3_{2}(n,K_t^3) \le (1- \frac{2}{t^2-3t+4} + γ) n$ provided $n$ is large and $t | n$. We also bound $t^3_{2}(n,K_t^3)$ from below. In particular, we deduce that $t^3_2(n,K_4^3) = (3/4+o(1))n$ answering a question of Pikhurko. In addition, we prove that $t^k_{k-1}(n,K_t^k) \le (1- \binom{t-1}{k-1}^{-1} + γ)n$ for $γ>0$, $k \ge 6$ and $t \ge (3+ \sqrt5)k/2$ provided $n$ is large and $t | n$.

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Improved bounds for the shortness coefficient of cyclically 4-edge connected cubic graphs and snarks

We present a construction which shows that there is an infinite set of cyclically 4-edge connected cubic graphs on $n$ vertices with no cycle longer than $c_4 n$ for $c_4=\frac{12}{13}$, and at the same time prove that a certain natural family of cubic graphs cannot be used to lower the shortness coefficient $c_4$ to 0. The graphs we construct are snarks so we get the same upper bound for the shortness coefficient of snarks, and we prove that the constructed graphs have an oddness growing linearly with the number of vertices.

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Generation and Properties of Snarks

For many of the unsolved problems concerning cycles and matchings in graphs it is known that it is sufficient to prove them for \emph{snarks}, the class of nontrivial 3-regular graphs which cannot be 3-edge coloured. In the first part of this paper we present a new algorithm for generating all non-isomorphic snarks of a given order. Our implementation of the new algorithm is 14 times faster than previous programs for generating snarks, and 29 times faster for generating weak snarks. Using this program we have generated all non-isomorphic snarks on $n\leq 36$ vertices. Previously lists up to $n=28$ vertices have been published. In the second part of the paper we analyze the sets of generated snarks with respect to a number of properties and conjectures. We find that some of the strongest versions of the cycle double cover conjecture hold for all snarks of these orders, as does Jaeger's Petersen colouring conjecture, which in turn implies that Fulkerson's conjecture has no small counterexamples. In contrast to these positive results we also find counterexamples to eight previously published conjectures concerning cycle coverings and the general cycle structure of cubic graphs.

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A multipartite version of the Hajnal-Szemerédi theorem for graphs and hypergraphs

A perfect $K_t$-matching in a graph $G$ is a spanning subgraph consisting of vertex disjoint copies of $K_t$. A classic theorem of Hajnal and Szemerédi states that if $G$ is a graph of order $n$ with minimum degree $δ(G) \ge (t-1)n/t$ and $t| n$, then $G$ contains a perfect $K_t$-matching. Let $G$ be a $t$-partite graph with vertex classes $V_1$,..., $V_t$ each of size $n$. We show that if every vertex $x \in V_i$ is joined to at least $((t-1)/t + γ)n $ vertices of $V_j$ for $i \ne j$, then $G$ contains a perfect $K_t$-matching, thus verifying a conjecture of Fisher asymptotically. Furthermore, we consider a generalisation to hypergraphs in terms of the codegree.

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Minimum codegree threshold for $(K_4^3-e)$-factors

Given hypergraphs H and F, an F-factor in H is a spanning subgraph consisting of vertex disjoint copies of F. Let K_4^3-e denote the 3-uniform hypergraph on 4 vertices with 3 edges. We show that for γ>0 there exists an integer n_0 such that every 3-uniform hypergraph $H$ of order n > n_0 with minimum codegree at least (1/2+γ)n and 4|n contains a (K_4^3-e)-factor. Moreover, this bound is asymptotically the best possible and we further give a conjecture on the exact value of the threshold for the existence of a (K_4^3-e)-factor. Therefore, all minimum codegree thresholds for the existence of F-factors are known asymptotically for 3-uniform hypergraphs F on 4 vertices.

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The range of thresholds for diameter 2 in random Cayley graphs

Given a group G, the model \mathcal{G}(G,p) denotes the probability space of all Cayley graphs of G where each element of the generating set is chosen independently at random with probability p. Given a family of groups (G_k) and a c \in \mathbb{R}_+ we say that c is the threshold for diameter 2 for (G_k) if for any \varepsilon > 0 with high probability Γ\in \mathcal{G}(G_k,p) has diameter greater than 2 if p \leqslant \sqrt{(c - \eps)\frac{\log{n}}{n}} and diameter at most 2 if p \geqslant \sqrt{(c + \eps)\frac{\log{n}}{n}}. In [5] we proved that if c is a threshold for diameter 2 for a family of groups (G_k) then c \in [1/4,2] and provided two families of groups with thresholds 1/4 and 2 respectively. In this paper we study the question of whether every c \in [1/4,2] is the threshold for diameter 2 for some family of groups. Rather surprisingly it turns out that the answer to this question is negative. We show that every c \in [1/4,4/3] is a threshold but a c \in (4/3,2] is a threshold if and only if it is of the form 4n/(3n-1) for some positive integer n.

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Two questions of Erdős on hypergraphs above the Tur{á}n threshold}

For ordinary graphs it is known that any graph $G$ with more edges than the Tur{á}n number of $K_s$ must contain several copies of $K_s$, and a copy of $K_{s+1}^-$, the complete graph on $s+1$ vertices with one missing edge. Erdős asked if the same result is true for $K^3_s$, the complete 3-uniform hypergraph on $s$ vertices. In this note we show that for small values of $n$, the number of vertices in $G$, the answer is negative for $s=4$. For the second property, that of containing a ${K^3_{s+1}}^-$, we show that for $s=4$ the answer is negative for all large $n$ as well, by proving that the Tur{á}n density of ${K^3_5}^-$ is greater than that of $K^3_4$.

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Turán and Ramsey Properties of Subcube Intersection Graphs

The discrete cube $\{0,1\}^d$ is a fundamental combinatorial structure. A subcube of $\{0,1\}^d$ is a subset of $2^k$ of its points formed by fixing $k$ coordinates and allowing the remaining $d-k$ to vary freely. The subcube structure of the discrete cube is surprisingly complicated and there are many open questions relating to it. This paper is concerned with patterns of intersections among subcubes of the discrete cube. Two sample questions along these lines are as follows: given a family of subcubes in which no $r+1$ of them have non-empty intersection, how many pairwise intersections can we have? How many subcubes can we have if among them there are no $k$ which have non-empty intersection and no $l$ which are pairwise disjoint? These questions are naturally expressed as Turán and Ramsey type questions in intersection graphs of subcubes where the intersection graph of a family of sets has one vertex for each set in the family with two vertices being adjacent if the corresponding subsets intersect. Turán and Ramsey type problems are at the heart of extremal combinatorics and so these problems are mathematically natural. However, a second motivation is a connection with some questions in social choice theory arising from a simple model of agreement in a society. Specifically, if we have to make a binary choice on each of $n$ separate issues then it is reasonable to assume that the set of choices which are acceptable to an individual will be represented by a subcube. Consequently, the pattern of intersections within a family of subcubes will have implications for the level of agreement within a society. We pose a number of questions and conjectures relating directly to the Turán and Ramsey problems as well as raising some further directions for study of subcube intersection graphs.

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The thresholds for diameter 2 in random Cayley graphs

Given a group G, the model $\mathcal{G}(G,p)$ denotes the probability space of all Cayley graphs of G where each element of the generating set is chosen independently at random with probability p. In this article we show that for any $ε> 0$ and any family of groups G_k of order n_k for which $n_k \to \infty$, a graph $Γ_k \in \mathcal{G}(G_k,p)$ with high probability has diameter at most 2 if $p \geqslant \sqrt{(2 + ε) \frac{\log{n_k}}{n_k}}$ and with high probability has diameter greater than 2 if $p \leqslant \sqrt{(1/4 + ε)\frac{\log{n_k}}{n_k}}$. We also provide examples of families of graphs which show that both of these results are best possible. Of particular interest is that for some families of groups, the corresponding random Cayley graphs achieve diameter 2 significantly faster than the Erdős-Renyi random graphs.

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Random Latin square graphs

In this paper we introduce new models of random graphs, arising from Latin squares which include random Cayley graphs as a special case. We investigate some properties of these graphs including their clique, independence and chromatic numbers, their expansion properties as well as their connectivity and Hamiltonicity. The results obtained are compared with other models of random graphs and several similarities and differences are pointed out. For many properties our results for the general case are as strong as the known results for random Cayley graphs and sometimes improve the previously best results for the Cayley case.

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Validations of the Asymptotic Matching Conjectures

In this paper we review the asymptotic matching conjectures for $r$-regular bipartite graphs, and their connections in estimating the monomer-dimer entropies in $d$-dimensional integer lattice and Bethe lattices. We prove new rigorous upper and lower bounds for the monomer-dimer entropies, which support these conjectures. We describe a general construction of infinite families of $r$-regular tori graphs and give algorithms for computing the monomer-dimer entropy of density $p$, for any $p\in [0,1]$, for these graphs. Finally we use tori graphs to test the asymptotic matching conjectures for certain infinite $r$-regular bipartite graphs.

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