Confinement-induced toughening in delignified wood-polyacrylamide composite hydrogels
With growing interest in environmental conservation, polymer composites incorporating wood-derived materials have attracted significant attention. While research has focused extensively on hard composites utilizing delignified wood or cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and soft composites reinforced with CNF, there have been a limited number of studies on the development of soft composites that utilize the porous cellular structure of wood, with few exceptions. In this study, we fabricated soft composites by infiltrating delignified wood with polyacrylamide hydrogel and subjected them to uniaxial compression tests. The results demonstrated that these materials exhibited far superior strength and toughness compared to either delignified wood or polyacrylamide hydrogel alone. Through systematic investigation and theoretical analysis, we identified the mechanisms underlying these enhancements in strength and toughness. Specifically, in addition to the sacrificial bond breakage known to enhance toughness in double-network hydrogels, we propose that mechanical confinement, arising from the soft, incompressible hydrogel filling the hollow cell lumens, generates excess stress and acts to resist compressive deformation. This approach, which utilizes the cellular structure as a filler, suggests the potential for creating a new class of high-toughness composite materials.