arXiv subjects

Koji Hashimoto

Publications and source records attributed to Koji Hashimoto.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2019

Einstein Rings in Holography

Clarifying conditions for the existence of a gravitational picture for a given quantum field theory (QFT) is one of the fundamental problems in the AdS/CFT correspondence. We propose a direct way to demonstrate the existence of the dual black holes: imaging an Einstein ring. We consider a response function of the thermal QFT on a two-dimensional sphere under a time-periodic localized source. The dual gravity picture, if it exists, is a black hole in an asymptotic global AdS$_4$ and a bulk probe field with a localized source on the AdS boundary. The response function corresponds to the asymptotic data of the bulk field propagating in the black hole spacetime. We find a formula that converts the response function to the image of the dual black hole: The view of the sky of the AdS bulk from a point on the boundary. Using the formula, we demonstrate that, for a thermal state dual to the Schwarzschild-AdS$_4$ spacetime, the Einstein ring is constructed from the response function. The evaluated Einstein radius is found to be determined by the total energy of the dual QFT. Our theoretical proposal opens a door to gravitational phenomena on strongly correlated materials.

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arXiv2019

$1/N$ correction in holographic Wilson loop from quantum gravity

We study $1/N$ corrections to a Wilson loop in holographic duality. Extending the AdS/CFT correspondence beyond the large $N$ limit is an important but a subtle issue, as it needs quantum gravity corrections in the gravity side. To find a physical property of the quantum corrected geometry of near-horizon black 0-branes previously obtained by Hyakutake, we evaluate a Euclidean string worldsheet hanging down in the geometry, which corresponds to a rectangular Wilson loop in the $SU(N)$ quantum mechanics with 16 supercharges at a finite temperature with finite $N$. We find that the potential energy defined by the Wilson loop increases due to the $1/N$ correction, therefore the quantum gravity correction weakens the gravitational attraction.

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arXiv2019

Chaos of QCD string from holography

It is challenging to quantify chaos of QCD, because non-perturbative QCD accompanies non-local observables. By using holography, we find that QCD strings at large $N_c$ and strong coupling limit exhibit chaos, and measure their Lyapunov exponent at zero temperature. A pair of a quark and an antiquark separated by $L_q$ in the large $N_c$ QCD is dual to a Nambu-Goto string hanging from the spatial boundary of the D4-soliton geometry. We numerically solve the motion of the string after putting a pulse force on its boundaries. The chaos is observed for the amplitude of the force larger than a certain lower bound. The bound increases as $L_q$ grows, and its dependence is well approximated by a hypothesis that the chaos originates in the endpoints of the QCD string.

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arXiv2019

AdS/CFT as a deep Boltzmann machine

We provide a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM) for the AdS/CFT correspondence. Under the philosophy that the bulk spacetime is a neural network, we give a dictionary between those, and obtain a restricted DBM as a discretized bulk scalar field theory in curved geometries. The probability distribution as training data is the generating functional of the boundary quantum field theory, and it trains neural network weights which are the metric of the bulk geometry. The deepest layer implements black hole horizons, and an employed regularization for the weights is an Einstein action. A large $N_c$ limit in holography reduces the DBM to a folded feed-forward architecture. We also neurally implement holographic renormalization into an autoencoder. The DBM for the AdS/CFT may serve as a platform for studying mechanisms of spacetime emergence in holography.

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arXiv2018

Deep Learning and Holographic QCD

We apply the relation between deep learning (DL) and the AdS/CFT correspondence to a holographic model of QCD. Using a lattice QCD data of the chiral condensate at a finite temperature as our training data, the deep learning procedure holographically determines an emergent bulk metric as neural network weights. The emergent bulk metric is found to have both a black hole horizon and a finite-height IR wall, so shares both the confining and deconfining phases, signaling the cross-over thermal phase transition of QCD. In fact, a quark antiquark potential holographically calculated by the emergent bulk metric turns out to possess both the linear confining part and the Debye screening part, as is often observed in lattice QCD. From this we argue the discrepancy between the chiral symmetry breaking and the quark confinement in the holographic QCD. The DL method is shown to provide a novel data-driven holographic modeling of QCD, and sheds light on the mechanism of emergence of the bulk geometries in the AdS/CFT correspondence.

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arXiv2018

Thoughts on Holographic Complexity and its Basis-dependence

In this paper, we argue that holographic complexity should be a basis-dependent quantity. Computational complexity of a state is defined as a minimum number of gates required to obtain that state from the reference state. Due to this minimality, it satisfies the triangle inequality, and can be regarded as a (discrete version of) distance in the Hilbert space. However, we show a no-go theorem that any basis-independent distance cannot reproduce the behavior of the holographic complexity. Therefore, if holographic complexity is dual to a distance in the Hilbert space, it should be basis-dependent, i.e., it is not invariant under a change of the basis of the Hilbert space.

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arXiv2018

Time Evolution of Complexity in Abelian Gauge Theories - And Playing Quantum Othello Game -

Quantum complexity is conjectured to probe inside of black hole horizons (or wormhole) via gauge gravity correspondence. In order to have a better understanding of this correspondence, we study time evolutions of complexities for generic Abelian pure gauge theories. For this purpose, we discretize $U(1)$ gauge group as $\mathbf{Z}_N$ and also continuum spacetime as lattice spacetime, and this enables us to define a universal gate set for these gauge theories, and evaluate time evolutions of the complexities explicitly. We find that for a generic class of diagonal Hamiltonians to achieve a large complexity $\sim \exp(\mbox{entropy})$, which is one of the conjectured criteria necessary to have a dual black hole, the Abelian gauge theory needs to be maximally nonlocal.

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arXiv2018

Phase diagram of QCD chaos in linear sigma models and holography

Measuring chaos of QCD-like theories is a challenge for formulating a novel characterization of quantum gauge theories. We define a chaos phase diagram of QCD allowing us to locate chaos in the parameter space of energy of homogeneous meson condensates and the QCD parameters such as pion/quark mass. We draw the chaos phase diagrams obtained in two ways: first, by using a linear sigma model, varying parameters of the potential, and second, by using the D4/D6 holographic QCD, varying the number of colors $N_c$ and the 't Hooft coupling constant $λ$. A scaling law drastically simplifies our analyses, and we discovered that the chaos originates in the maximum of the potential, and larger $N_c$ or larger $λ$ diminishes the chaos.

hep-th↗

arXiv2018

Chaos of Wilson Loop from String Motion near Black Hole Horizon

To find the origin of chaos near black hole horizon in string-theoretic AdS/CFT correspondence, we perform a chaos analysis of a suspended string in AdS black hole backgrounds. It has a definite CFT interpretation: chaos of Wilson loops, or in other words, sensitive time-evolution of a quark antiquark force in thermal gauge theories. Our nonlinear numerical simulation of the suspended Nambu-Goto string shows chaos, which would be absent in pure AdS background. The calculated Lyapunov exponent $λ$ satisfies the universal bound $λ\leq 2πT_{\rm H}$ for the Hawking temperature $T_{\rm H}$. We also analyze a toy model of a rectangular string probing the horizon and show that it contains a universal saddle characterized by the surface gravity $2πT_{\rm H}$. Our work demonstrates that the black hole horizon is the origin of the chaos, and suggests a close interplay between chaos and quark deconfinement.

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arXiv2018

Deep Learning and AdS/CFT

We present a deep neural network representation of the AdS/CFT correspondence, and demonstrate the emergence of the bulk metric function via the learning process for given data sets of response in boundary quantum field theories. The emergent radial direction of the bulk is identified with the depth of the layers, and the network itself is interpreted as a bulk geometry. Our network provides a data-driven holographic modeling of strongly coupled systems. With a scalar $ϕ^4$ theory with unknown mass and coupling, in unknown curved spacetime with a black hole horizon, we demonstrate our deep learning (DL) framework can determine them which fit given response data. First, we show that, from boundary data generated by the AdS Schwarzschild spacetime, our network can reproduce the metric. Second, we demonstrate that our network with experimental data as an input can determine the bulk metric, the mass and the quadratic coupling of the holographic model. As an example we use the experimental data of magnetic response of a strongly correlated material Sm$_{0.6}$Sr$_{0.4}$MnO$_3$. This AdS/DL correspondence not only enables gravity modeling of strongly correlated systems, but also sheds light on a hidden mechanism of the emerging space in both AdS and DL.

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arXiv2017

Out-of-time-order correlators in quantum mechanics

The out-of-time-order correlator (OTOC) is considered as a measure of quantum chaos. We formulate how to calculate the OTOC for quantum mechanics with a general Hamiltonian. We demonstrate explicit calculations of OTOCs for a harmonic oscillator, a particle in a one-dimensional box, a circle billiard and stadium billiards. For the first two cases, OTOCs are periodic in time because of their commensurable energy spectra. For the circle and stadium billiards, they are not recursive but saturate to constant values which are linear in temperature. Although the stadium billiard is a typical example of the classical chaos, an expected exponential growth of the OTOC is not found. We also discuss the classical limit of the OTOC. Analysis of a time evolution of a wavepacket in a box shows that the OTOC can deviate from its classical value at a time much earlier than the Ehrenfest time.

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arXiv2017

Edge-of-edge States

We study an exotic state which is localized only at an intersection of edges of a topological material. This "edge-of-edge" state is shown to exist generically. We construct explicitly generic edge-of-edge states in 5-dimensional Weyl semimetals and their dimensional reductions, such as 4-dimensional topological insulators of class A and 3-dimensional chiral topological insulators of class AIII. The existence of the edge-of-edge state is due to a topological charge of the edge states. The notion of the Berry connection is generalized to include the space of all possible boundary conditions, where Chern-Simons forms are shown to be nontrivial.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2017

Boundary Conditions of Weyl Semimetals

We find that generic boundary conditions of Weyl semimetal is dictated by only a single real parameter, in the continuum limit. We determine how the energy dispersions (the Fermi arcs) and the wave functions of edge states depend on this parameter. Lattice models are found to be consistent with our generic observation. Furthermore, the enhanced parameter space of the boundary condition is shown to support a novel topological number.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2016

Chaos in chiral condensates in gauge theories

Assigning a chaos index for dynamics of generic quantum field theories is a challenging problem, because the notion of Lyapunov exponent, which is useful for singling out chaotic behaviors, works only in classical systems. We address the issue by using the AdS/CFT correspondence, as the large $N_c$ limit provides a classicalization (other than the standard $\hbar \to 0$) while keeping nontrivial quantum condensation. We demonstrate the chaos in the dynamics of quantum gauge theories: Time evolution of homogeneous quark condensates $\langle \bar{q}q\rangle$ and $\langle \bar{q} γ_5 q\rangle$ in an ${\cal N}=2$ supersymmetric QCD with the $SU(N_c)$ gauge group at large $N_c$ and at large 't Hooft coupling $λ\equiv N_c g_{\rm YM}^2$ exhibits a positive Lyapunov exponent. The chaos dominates the phase space for energy density $E \gtrsim (6\times 10^2)\times m_q^4(N_c/λ^2) $ where $m_q$ is the quark mass. We evaluate the largest Lyapunov exponent as a function of $(N_c,λ,E)$ and find that the ${\cal N}=2$ supersymmetric QCD is more chaotic for smaller $N_c$.

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arXiv2016

Holographic Floquet states: (I) A strongly coupled Weyl semimetal

Floquet states can be realized in quantum systems driven by continuous time-periodic perturbations. It is known that a state known as the Floquet Weyl semimetal can be realized when free Dirac fermions are placed in a rotating electric field. What will happen if strong interaction is introduced to this system? Will the interaction wash out the characteristic features of Weyl semimetals such as the Hall response? Is there a steady state and what is its thermodynamic behavior? We answer these questions using AdS/CFT correspondence in the $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric massless QCD in a rotating electric field in the large $N_c$ limit realizing the first example of a "holographic Floquet state". In this limit, gluons not only mediate interaction, but also act as an energy reservoir and stabilize the nonequilibrium steady state (NESS). We obtain the electric current induced by a rotating electric field: In the high frequency region, the Ohm's law is satisfied, while we recover the DC nonlinear conductivity at low frequency, which was obtained holographically in a previous work. The thermodynamic properties of the NESS, e.g., fluctuation-dissipation relation, is characterized by the effective Hawking temperature that is defined from the effective horizon giving a holographic meaning to the "periodic thermodynamic" concept. In addition to the strong (pump) rotating electric field, we apply an additional weak (probe) electric field in the spirit of the pump-probe experiments done in condensed matter experiments. Weak DC and AC probe analysis in the background rotating electric field shows Hall currents as a linear response, therefore the Hall response of Floquet Weyl semimetals survives at the strong coupling limit. We also find frequency mixed response currents, i.e., a heterodyning effect, characteristic to periodically driven Floquet systems.

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arXiv2016

Universality in Chaos of Particle Motion near Black Hole Horizon

Motion of a particle near a horizon of a spherically symmetric black hole is shown to possess a universal Lyapunov exponent of a chaos provided by its surface gravity. To probe the horizon, we introduce electromagnetic or scalar force to the particle so that it does not fall into the horizon. There appears an unstable maximum of the total potential where the evaluated maximal Lyapunov exponent is found to be independent of the external forces and the particle mass. The Lyapunov exponent is universally given by the surface gravity of the black hole. Unless there are other sources of a chaos, the Lyapunov exponent is subject to an inequality $λ\leq 2πT_{\rm BH}/\hbar$, which is identical to the bound recently discovered by Maldacena, Shenker and Stanford.

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arXiv2016

Topological Number of Edge States

We show that the edge states of the four-dimensional class A system can have topological charges, which are characterized by Abelian/non-Abelian monopoles. The edge topological charges are a new feature of relations among theories with different dimensions. From this novel viewpoint, we provide a non-Abelian analogue of the TKNN number as an edge topological charge, which is defined by an SU(2) 't Hooft-Polyakov BPS monopole through an equivalence to Nahm construction. Furthermore, putting a constant magnetic field yields an edge monopole in a non-commutative momentum space, where D-brane methods in string theory facilitate study of edge fermions.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2015

Band spectrum is D-brane

We show that band spectrum of topological insulators can be identified as the shape of D-branes in string theory. The identification is based on a relation between the Berry connection associated with the band structure and the ADHM/Nahm construction of solitons whose geometric realization is available with D-branes. We also show that chiral and helical edge states are identified as D-branes representing a noncommutative monopole.

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