arXiv subjects

Kouji Kashiwa

Publications and source records attributed to Kouji Kashiwa.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2017

Investigation of confinement-deconfinement transition via probability distributions

We investigate the confinement-deconfinement transition at finite temperature in terms of the probability distribution of Polyakov-loop complex-phase via the Jensen-Shannon divergence. The Jensen-Shannon divergence quantifies the difference of two probability distributions, namely the target and reference probability distributions. We adopt the complex-phase distributions of the spatially averaged Polyakov loop at $μ/T=0$ and $μ/T=iπ/3$ as the target and reference distributions, respectively. It is shown that the Jensen-Shannon divergence has the inflection point when the target system approaches the Roberge-Weiss endpoint temperature even in the finite-volume system. This means that we can detect the confinement-deconfinement transition from the structural change of probability distributions when we suitably set the reference probability distribution. It is also shown that we can pick up the information of the confinement-deconfinement transition from the quark number density by using the Fourier decomposition; Fourier coefficients have a long tail at around the transition temperature and show a divergent series in calculating the normalized kurtosis.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2017

Path optimization method for the sign problem

We propose a path optimization method (POM) to evade the sign problem in the Monte-Carlo calculations for complex actions. Among many approaches to the sign problem, the Lefschetz-thimble path-integral method and the complex Langevin method are promising and extensively discussed. In these methods, real field variables are complexified and the integration manifold is determined by the flow equations or stochastically sampled. When we have singular points of the action or multiple critical points near the original integral surface, however, we have a risk to encounter the residual and global sign problems or the singular drift term problem. One of the ways to avoid the singular points is to optimize the integration path which is designed not to hit the singular points of the Boltzmann weight. By specifying the one-dimensional integration-path as $z=t+if(t) (f\in \mathbb{R})$ and by optimizing $f(t)$ to enhance the average phase factor, we demonstrate that we can avoid the sign problem in a one-variable toy model for which the complex Langevin method is found to fail. In this proceedings, we propose POM and discuss how we can avoid the sign problem in a toy model. We also discuss the possibility to utilize the neural network to optimize the path.

hep-lat↗

arXiv2017

Toward solving the sign problem with path optimization method

We propose a new approach to circumvent the sign problem in which the integration path is optimized to control the sign problem. We give a trial function specifying the integration path in the complex plane and tune it to optimize the cost function which represents the seriousness of the sign problem. We call it the path optimization method. In this method, we do not need to solve the gradient flow required in the Lefschetz-thimble method and then the construction of the integration-path contour arrives at the optimization problem where several efficient methods can be applied. In a simple model with a serious sign problem, the path optimization method is demonstrated to work well; the residual sign problem is resolved and precise results can be obtained even in the region where the global sign problem is serious.

hep-lat↗

arXiv2017

Dirac-mode analysis for quark number density and its application for deconfinement transition

The quark number density at finite imaginary chemical potential is investigated in the lattice QCD using the Dirac-mode expansion. We find the analytical formula of the quark number density in terms of the Polyakov loop in the large quark mass regime. On the other hand, in the small quark mass region, the quark number density is investigated by using the quenched lattice QCD simulation. The quark number density is found to strongly depend on the low-lying Dirac modes while its sign does not change. This result leads to that the quark number holonomy is not sensitive to the low-lying Dirac modes. We discuss the confinement-deconfinement transition from the property of the quark number density and the quark number holonomy.

hep-lat↗

arXiv2017

Topological deconfinement transition in QCD at finite isospin density

The confinement-deconfinement transition is discussed from topological viewpoints. The topological change of the system is achieved by introducing the dimensionless imaginary chemical potential ($θ$). Then, the non-trivial free-energy degeneracy becomes the signal of the deconfinement transition and it can be visualized by using the map of the thermodynamic quantities to the circle $S^1$ along $θ$. To understand this "topological" deconfinement transition at finite real quark chemical potential ($μ_\mathrm{R}$), we consider the isospin chemical potential ($μ_\mathrm{iso}$) in the effective model of QCD. The phase diagram at finite $μ_\mathrm{iso}$ is identical with that at finite $μ_\mathrm{R}$ outside of the pion-condensed phase at least in the large-$N_\mathrm{c}$ limit via the well-known orbifold equivalence. In the present effective model, the topological deconfinement transition does not show a significant dependence on $μ_\mathrm{iso}$ and then we can expect that this tendency also appears at small $μ_\mathrm{R}$. Also, the chiral transition and the topological deconfinement transition seems to be weakly correlated. If we will access lattice QCD data for the temperature dependence of the quark number density at finite $μ_\mathrm{iso}$ with $θ=π/3$, our surmise can be judged.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2017

Dirac-mode expansion of quark number density and its implications of the confinement-deconfinement transition

We investigate the quark number density at finite imaginary chemical potential by using the Dirac-mode expansion. In the large quark mass region, it is found that the quark number density can be expressed by the Polyakov loop and its conjugate in all order of the large quark mass expansion. Then, there are no specific Dirac-modes which dominantly contribute to the quark number density. In comparison, the small quark mass region is explored by using the quenched lattice QCD simulation. We found that the absolute value of the quark number density strongly depends on the low-lying Dirac-modes, but its sign does not. This means that the existence of the Roberge-Weiss transition which is characterized by the singular behavior of the quark number density is not sensitive to low-lying Dirac-modes. This property enables us to discuss the confinement-deconfinement transition from the behavior of the quark number density via the quark number holonomy.

hep-lat↗

arXiv2017

Lefschetz thimbles in fermionic effective models with repulsive vector-field

We discuss two problems in complexified auxiliary fields in fermionic effective models, the auxiliary sign problem associated with the repulsive vector-field and the choice of the cut for the scalar field appearing from the logarithmic function. In the fermionic effective models with attractive scalar and repulsive vector-type interaction, the auxiliary scalar and vector fields appear in the path integral after the bosonization of fermion ilinears. When we make the path integral well-defined by the Wick rotation of the vector field, the oscillating Boltzmann weight appears in the partition function. This "auxiliary" sign problem can be solved by using the Lefschetz-thimble path-integral method, where the integration path is constructed in the complex plane. Another serious obstacle in the numerical construction of Lefschetz thimbles is caused by singular points and cuts induced by multivalued functions of the complexified scalar field in the momentum integration. We propose a new prescription which fixes gradient flow trajectories on the same Riemann sheet in the flow evolution by performing the momentum integration in the complex domain.

hep-lat↗

arXiv2016

Three Baryon Interaction Generated by Determinant Interaction of Quarks

We discuss the three-baryon interaction generated by the determinant interaction of quarks, known as the Kobayashi-Maskawa-'t Hooft (KMT) interaction. The expectation value of the KMT interaction operator is calculated in fully-antisymmetrized quark-cluster model wave functions for one-, two- and three-octet baryon states. The three-baryon potential from the KMT interaction is found to be repulsive for $NNΛ$ and $NΛΛ$ systems, while it is zero for the $NNN$ system. The strength and range of the three-baryon potential are found to be comparable to those for the $NNN$ three-body potential obtained in lattice QCD simulations. The contribution to the $Λ$ single particle potential in nuclear matter is found to be 0.28 MeV and 0.73 MeV in neutron matter and symmetric nuclear matter at normal nuclear density, respectively. These repulsive forces are not enough to solve the hyperon puzzle, but may be measured in high-precision hyperisotope experiments.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2016

Quark number holonomy and confinement-deconfinement transition

We propose a new quantity which describes the confinement-deconfinement transition based on topological properties of QCD. The quantity which we call the quark number holonomy is defined as the integral of the quark number susceptibility along the closed loop of $θ$ where $θ$ is the dimensionless imaginary chemical potential. Expected behavior of the quark number holonomy at finite temperature is discussed and its asymptotic behaviors are shown.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2016

Test for a universal behavior of Dirac eigenvalues in the complex Langevin method

We apply the complex Langevin (CL) method to a chiral random matrix theory (ChRMT) at non-zero chemical potential and study the nearest neighbor spacing (NNS) distribution of the Dirac eigenvalues. The NNS distribution is extracted using an unfolding procedure for the Dirac eigenvalues obtained in the CL method. For large quark mass, we find that the NNS distribution obeys the Ginibre ensemble as expected. For small quark mass, the NNS distribution follows the Wigner surmise for correct convergence case, while it follows the Ginibre ensemble for wrong convergence case. The Wigner surmise is physically reasonable from the chemical potential independence of the ChRMT. The Ginibre ensemble is known to be favored in a phase quenched QCD at finite chemical potential. Our result suggests a possibility that the originally universal behavior of the NNS distribution is preserved even in the CL method for correct convergence case.

hep-lat↗

arXiv2016

Implications of imaginary chemical potential for model building of QCD

Properties of QCD at finite imaginary chemical potential are revisited to utilize for the model building of QCD in low energy regimes. For example, the electric holonomy which is closely related to the Polyakov-loop drastically affects thermodynamic quantities beside the Roberge-Weiss transition line. To incorporate several properties at finite imaginary chemical potential, it is important to introduce the holonomy effects to the coupling constant of effective models. This extension is possible by considering the entanglement vertex. We show justifications of the entanglement vertex based on the derivation of the effective four-fermi interaction in the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model and present its general form with the local approximation. To discuss how to remove model ambiguities in the entanglement vertex, we calculate the chiral condensate with different $\mathbb{Z}_3$ sectors and the dual quark condensate.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2015

Topological feature and phase structure of QCD at complex chemical potential

The pseudo-critical temperature of the confinement-deconfinement transition and the phase transition surface are investigated by using the complex chemical potential. We can interpret the imaginary chemical potential as the Aharonov-Bohm phase, then the analogy of the topological order suggests that the Roberge-Weiss endpoint would define the pseudo-critical temperature. The behavior of the Roberge-Weiss endpoint at small real quark chemical potential is investigated with the perturbative expansion. The expected QCD phase diagram at complex chemical potential is presented.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2015

Inhomogeneous chiral condensates and non-analyticity under an external magnetic field

We investigate inhomogeneous chiral condensates, such as the so-called dual chiral density wave of dense quark matter, under an external magnetic field at finite real and imaginary chemical potentials. In a model-independent manner, we find that analytic continuation from imaginary to real chemical potential is not possible due to the singularity induced by inhomogeneous chiral condensates at zero chemical potential. From the discussion on the non-analyticity and methods used in lattice QCD simulations, e.g., Taylor expansion, and the analytic continuation with an imaginary chemical potential, it turns out that information on an inhomogeneous chiral condensed phase is missed in the lattice simulations at finite baryon chemical potentials unless the non-analyticity at zero chemical potential is correctly considered. We also discuss an exceptional case without such non-analyticity at zero chemical potential.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2015

Evading the sign problem in the mean-field approximation through Lefschetz-thimble path integral

The fermion sign problem appearing in the mean-field approximation is considered, and the systematic computational scheme of the free energy is devised by using the Lefschetz-thimble method. We show that the Lefschetz-thimble method respects the reflection symmetry, which makes physical quantities manifestly real at any order of approximations using complex saddle points. The formula is demonstrated through the Airy integral as an example, and its application to the Polyakov-loop effective model of dense QCD is discussed in detail.

hep-th↗

arXiv2015

Lee-Yang zero distribution of high temperature QCD and Roberge-Weiss phase transition

Canonical partition functions and Lee-Yang zeros of QCD at finite density and high temperature are studied. Recent lattice simulations have confirmed that the free energy of QCD is a quartic function of quark chemical potential at temperature slightly above pseudo-critical temperature $T_c$, as in the case with a gas of free massless fermions. We present analytic derivation of the canonical partition functions and Lee-Yang zeros for this type of free energy using the saddle point approximation. We also perform lattice QCD simulation in a canonical approach using the fugacity expansion of the fermion determinant, and carefully examine its reliability. By comparing the analytic and numerical results, we conclude that the canonical partition functions follow the Gaussian distribution of the baryon number, and the accumulation of Lee-Yang zeros of these canonical partition functions exhibit the first-order Roberge-Weiss phase transition. We discuss the validity and applicable range of the result and its implications both for theoretical and experimental studies.

hep-lat↗

arXiv2015

Temperature dependence of meson screening masses; a comparison of effective model with lattice QCD

Temperature dependence of pion and sigma-meson screening masses is evaluated by the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model with the entanglement vertex (EPNJL model). We propose a practical way of calculating meson screening masses in the NJL-type effective models. The method based on the Pauli-Villars regularization solves the well-known difficulty that the evaluation of screening masses is not easy in the NJL-type effective models. The method is applied to analyze temperature dependence of pion screening masses calculated with state-of-the-art lattice simulations with success in reproducing the lattice QCD results. We predict the temperature dependence of pole mass by using EPNJL model.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2015

Understanding of QCD at high density from Z3-symmetric QCD-like theory

We investigate QCD at large mu/T by using Z_3-symmetric SU(3) gauge theory, where mu is the quark-number chemical potential and T is temperature. We impose the flavor-dependent twist boundary condition on quarks in QCD. This QCD-like theory has the twist angle theta as a parameter, and agrees with QCD when theta=0 and becomes symmetric when theta=2π/3. For both QCD and the Z_3-symmetric SU(3) gauge theory, the phase diagram is drawn in mu--T plane with the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. In the Z_3-symmetric SU(3) gauge theory, the Polyakov loop varphi is zero in the confined phase appearing at T \lsim 200 MeV. The perfectly confined phase never coexists with the color superconducting (CSC) phase, since finite diquark condensate in the CSC phase breaks Z_3 symmetry and then makes varphi finite. When mu \gsim 300 MeV, the CSC phase is more stable than the perfectly confined phase at T \lsim 100 MeV. Meanwhile, the chiral symmetry can be broken in the perfectly confined phase, since the chiral condensate is Z_3 invariant. Consequently, the perfectly confined phase is divided into the perfectly confined phase without chiral symmetry restoration in a region of mu \lsim 300 MeV and T \lsim 200 MeV and the perfectly confined phase with chiral symmetry restoration in a region of μ\gsim 300 MeV and 100 \lsim T \lsim 200 MeV. The basic phase structure of Z_3-symmetric QCD-like theory remains in QCD. We show that in the perfectly confined phase the sign problem becomes less serious because of φ=0, using the heavy quark theory. We discuss a lattice QCD framework to evaluate observables at θ=0 from those at θ=2π/3.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2015

Phase structure of two-color QCD at real and imaginary chemical potentials; lattice simulations and model analyses

We investigate the phase structure of two-color QCD at both real and imaginary chemical potentials mu, performing lattice simulations and analyzing the data with the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. Lattice QCD simulations are done on an 8^3 times 4 lattice with the clover-improved two-flavor Wilson fermion action and the renormalization-group improved Iwasaki gauge action. We test the analytic continuation of physical quantities from imaginary mu to real mu by comparing lattice QCD results calculated at real mu with the result of analytic function the coefficients of which are determined from lattice QCD results at imaginary mu. We also test the validity of the PNJL model by comparing model results with lattice QCD ones. The PNJL model is good in the deconfinement region, but less accurate in the transition and confinement regions. This problem is improved by introducing the baryon degree of freedom to the model. It is also found that the vector-type four-quark interaction is necessary to explain lattice data on the quark number density.

hep-lat↗