arXiv subjects

Kouji Nakamura

Publications and source records attributed to Kouji Nakamura.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2013

Construction of gauge-invariant variables of linear metric perturbations on an arbitrary background spacetime

An outline of a proof of the decomposition of linear metric perturbations into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts on the an arbitrary background spacetime which admits ADM decomposition is discussed. We explicitly construct the gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts of the linear metric perturbations through the assumption of the existence of some Green functions. We also confirm the result through another approach. This implies that we can develop the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on an arbitrary background spacetime. Remaining issues to complete the general-framework of the general-relativistic higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theories are also discussed.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2012

MG13 proceedings: Construction of gauge-invariant variables for linear-order metric perturbations on an arbitrary background spacetime

An outline of a proof of the decomposition of the linear metric perturbation into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts on an arbitrary background spacetime is discussed through an exlicit construction of gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts. Although this outline is incomplete, yet, due to our assumptions, we propose a conjecture which states that the linear metric perturbation is always decomposed into its gauge-invariant and gageu-variant parts. If this conjecture is true, we can develop the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on an arbitrary background spacetime.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2012

Weak value amplification in a shot-noise limited interferometer

We study the weak-value amplification (WVA) in a phase measurement with an optical interferometer in which shot noise limits the sensitivity. We compute the signal and the shot noise including the full-order interaction terms of the WVA, and show that the shot-noise contribution to a phase shift in a pointer variable is always larger than the final variance of the pointer variable. This yields difference in estimating noise level up to a factor of 1.5. To clarify an advantage for practical uses of the WVA, we discuss signal-to-noise ratio and its optimization in the presence of the shot noise.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2012

Gauge-invariant variables in general-relativistic perturbations: globalization and zero-mode problem

An outline of a proof of the local decomposition of linear metric perturbations into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts on an arbitrary background spacetime is briefly explained. We explicitly construct the gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts of the linear metric perturbations based on some assumptions. We also point out the zero-mode problem is an essential problem to globalize of this decomposition of linear metric perturbations. The resolution of this zero-mode problem implies the possibility of the development of the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on an arbitrary background spacetime in a global sense.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2011

Short note on construction of gauge-invariant variables of linear metric perturbations on an arbitrary background spacetime

An outline of a proof of the decomposition of linear metric perturbations into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts on an arbitrary background spacetime which admits ADM decomposition is briefly discussed. We explicitly construct the gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts of the linear metric perturbations based on some assumptions. This implies that we can develop the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on an arbitrary background spacetime.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2011

All-order evaluation of weak measurements: --- The cases of an operator ${\bf A}$ which satisfies the property ${\bf A}^{2}=1$ ---

Some exact formulae of the expectation values and probability densities in a weak measurement for an operator ${\bf A}$ which satisfies the property ${\bf A}^{2}=1$ are derived. These formulae include all-order effects of the unitary evolution due to the von-Neumann interaction. These are valid not only in the weak measurement regime but also in the strong measurement regime and tell us the connection between these two regime. Using these formulae, arguments of the optimization of the signal amplification and the signal to noise ratio are developed in two typical experimental setups.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2011

Alternative construction of gauge-invariant variables for linear metric perturbation on general background spacetime

Construction of the gauge-invariant variables for the linear metric perturbation, which was proposed in the paper [K. Nakamura, arXiv:1101.1147], is discussed through an alternative approach. Our starting point of the construction of the gauge-invariant variables is an non-trivial non-local decomposition of the linear metric perturbation. Assuming the existence of some Green functions, we reproduce results in the above paper. This supports the consistency of the result and implies that one can develop the general-relativistic higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on general background spacetime.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2011

General formulation of general-relativistic higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory

Gauge-invariant treatments of general-relativistic higher-order perturbations on generic background spacetime is proposed. After reviewing the general framework of the second-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory, we show the fact that the linear-order metric perturbation is decomposed into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts, which was the important premis of this general framework. This means that the development the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on generic background spacetime is possible. A remaining issue to be resolve is also disscussed.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2011

Comparing different formulations of non-linear cosmological perturbation theory

We compare and contrast two different metric based formulations of non- linear cosmological perturbation theory: the MW2009 approach in [K. A. Malik and D. Wands, Phys. Rept. 475 (2009), 1.] following Bardeen and the recent approach of the paper KN2010 [K. Nakamura, Advances in Astronomy 2010 (2010), 576273]. We present each formulation separately. In the MW2009 approach, one considers the gauge transformations of perturbative quantities, choosing a gauge by requiring that certain quantities vanish, rendering all other variables gauge invariant. In the KN2010 formalism, one decomposes the metric tensor into a gauge variant and gauge invariant part from the outset. We compare the two approaches in both the longitudinal and uniform curvature gauges. In the longitudinal gauge, we find that Nakamura's gauge invariant variables correspond exactly to those in the longitudinal gauge (i.e., for scalar perturbations, to the Bardeen potentials), and in the uniform curvature gauge we obtain the usual relationship between gauge invariant variables in the flat and longitudinal gauge. Thus, we show that these two approaches are equivalent.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2011

Decomposition of linear metric perturbations on generic background spacetime -- Toward higher-order general-relativistic gauge-invariant perturbation theory

The decomposition of the linear-order metric perturbation is discussed in the context of the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory. We show that the linear order metric perturbation is decomposed into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts on the general background spacetime which admits ADM decomposition. This decomposition was an important premise of the general framework of the higher order gauge-invariant perturbation theory proposed in the papers [K. Nakamura, Prog. Theor. Phys. vol.110 (2003), 723; ibid. vol.113 (2005), 481]. This implies that we can develop the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on generic background spacetime. Remaining issues to complete the general-framework of the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theories are also discussed.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2010

Weak Value in Wave Function of Detector

A simple formula to read out the weak value from the wave function of the measuring device after the postselection with the initial Gaussian profile is proposed. We apply this formula for the weak value to the classical experiment of the realization of the weak measurement by the optical polarization and obtain the weak value for any pre- and post-selections. This formula automatically includes the interference effect which is necessary to yields the weak value as an outcome of the weak measurement.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2010

Second-order Gauge-invariant Cosmological Perturbation Theory: Current Status

The current status of the recent developments of the second-order gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory is reviewed. To show the essence of this perturbation theory, we concentrate only on the universe filled with a single scalar field. Through this review, we point out the problems which should be clarified for the further theoretical sophistication of this perturbation theory. We also expect that this theoretical sophistication will be also useful to discuss the theoretical predictions of Non-Gaussianity in CMB and comparison with observations.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2010

Construction of gauge-invariant variables for linear-order metric perturbations on some background spacetimes

Gauge-invariant treatments of general-relativistic higher-order perturbations on generic background spacetime is proposed. We show the fact that the linear-order metric perturbation is decomposed into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts, which was the important premise of this general framework. This means that the development the higher-order gauge-invariant perturbation theory on generic background spacetime is possible.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2010

Consistency of Equations for the Single Scalar Field Case in Second-order Gauge-invariant Cosmological Perturbation Theory

We derived the second-order perturbations of the Einstein equations and the Klein-Gordon equation for a generic situation in terms of gauge-invariant variables. The consistency of all the equations is confirmed. This confirmation implies that all the derived equations of the second order are self-consistent and these equations are correct in this sense. We also discuss the physical implication of these equations.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2009

Inclusion of the first-order vector- and tensor-modes in the second-order gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory

Gauge-invariant treatments of the second-order cosmological perturbation in a four dimensional homogeneous isotropic universe are formulated without any gauge fixing. We have derived the Einstein equations in the case of the single perfect fluid without ignoring any modes. These equations imply that any types of mode-coupling arise due to the second-order effects of the Einstein equations.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2009

Consistency relations between the source terms in the second-order Einstein equations for cosmological perturbations

In addition to the second-order Einstein equations on four-dimensional homogeneous isotropic background universe filled with the single perfect fluid, we also derived the second-order perturbations of the continuity equation and the Euler equation for a perfect fluid in gauge-invariant manner without ignoring any mode of perturbations. The consistency of all equations of the second-order Einstein equation and the equations of motion for matter fields is confirmed. Due to this consistency check, we may say that the set of all equations of the second-order are self-consistent and they are correct in this sense.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2009

Perturbations of Matter Fields in the Second-order Gauge-invariant Cosmological Perturbation Theory

Some formulae for the perturbations of the matter fields are summarized within the framework of the second-order gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory in a four dimensional homogeneous isotropic universe, which is developed in the papers [K.Nakamura, Prog.Theor.Phys., 117 (2007), 17.]. We derive the formulae for the perturbations of the energy momentum tensors and equations of motion for a perfect fluid, an imperfect fluid, and a signle scalar field, and show that all equations are derived in terms of gauge-invariant variables without any gauge fixing.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2009

Consistency of Equations in the Second-order Gauge-invariant Cosmological Perturbation Theory

Along the general framework of the gauge-invariant perturbation theory developed in the papers [K. Nakamura, Prog. Theor. Phys. {\bf 110} (2003), 723; {\it ibid}, {\bf 113} (2005), 481.], we re-derive the second-order Einstein equations on four-dimensional homogeneous isotropic background universe in gauge-invariant manner without ignoring any mode of perturbations. We consider the perturbations both in the universe dominated by the single perfect fluid and in that dominated by the single scalar field. We also confirmed the consistency of all equations of the second-order Einstein equation and the equations of motion for matter fields which are derived in the paper [K. Nakamura, arXiv:0804.3840 [gr-qc]]. This confirmation implies that the all derived equations of the second order are self-consistent and these equations are correct in this sense.

gr-qc↗