Dynamic Slack-Aware Clocking for Near-Threshold Tensor Processing Units (TPUs)
Operating Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) in the near-threshold computing (NTC) region significantly reduces energy consumption but introduces high delay sensitivity to process variation and data activity. Conventional designs typically rely on a conservative, fixed global clock to ensure safety, which leaves large portions of timing margin unexploited as most operations finish well before the clock edge. We propose Dynamic Slack-Aware Clocking (DSAC), a proactive framework that replaces worst-case timing with operation-specific adjustments. DSAC employs lightweight Hamming-Distance, Most-Significant-Bit, and Hybrid predictors to estimate the delay sensitivity of individual multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations and classify them into three timing tiers. These tiers are enforced locally via dummy-hold cycles under a fixed global reference clock, enabling fine-grained timing adaptation without global clock retuning or frequency scaling. A closed-loop feedback controller monitors timing violations and updates tier thresholds at runtime to maintain resilience. Experiments on quantized DNN benchmarks demonstrate that the MSB predictor maintains high inference accuracy, with an average loss of only 1% even at aggressive performance points. Furthermore, DSAC achieves up to 1.55X better energy efficiency at 2.15X frequency scaling compared to a baseline TPU, while incurring an area overhead as low as 13%.