arXiv subjects

Krishan Mohan Nagpal

Publications and source records attributed to Krishan Mohan Nagpal.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Recursive Estimation for Dynamical Systems with Measurement Bias, Outliers and Constraints

This paper describes recursive algorithms for state estimation of linear dynamical systems when measurements are noisy with unknown bias and/or outliers. For situations with noisy and biased measurements, algorithms are proposed that minimize $ε$ insensitive loss function. In this approach which is often used in Support Vector Machines, small errors are ignored making the algorithm less sensitive to measurement bias. Apart from $ε$ insensitive quadratic loss function, estimation algorithms are also presented for $ε$ insensitive Huber M loss function which provides good performance in presence of both small noises as well as outliers. The advantage of Huber cost function based estimator in presence of outliers is due to the fact the error penalty function switches from quadratic to linear for errors beyond a certain threshold. For both objective functions, estimation algorithms are extended to cases when there are additional constraints on states and exogenous signals such as known range of some states or exogenous signals or measurement noises. Interestingly, the filtering algorithms are recursive and structurally similar to Kalman filter with the main difference being that the updates based on the new measurement ("innovation term") are based on solution of a quadratic optimization problem with linear constraints.

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arXiv2024

Portfolio Stress Testing and Value at Risk (VaR) Incorporating Current Market Conditions

Value at Risk (VaR) and stress testing are two of the most widely used approaches in portfolio risk management to estimate potential market value losses under adverse market moves. VaR quantifies potential loss in value over a specified horizon (such as one day or ten days) at a desired confidence level (such as 95'th percentile). In scenario design and stress testing, the goal is to construct extreme market scenarios such as those involving severe recession or a specific event of concern (such as a rapid increase in rates or a geopolitical event), and quantify potential impact of such scenarios on the portfolio. The goal of this paper is to propose an approach for incorporating prevailing market conditions in stress scenario design and estimation of VaR so that they provide more accurate and realistic insights about portfolio risk over the near term. The proposed approach is based on historical data where historical observations of market changes are given more weight if a certain period in history is "more similar" to the prevailing market conditions. Clusters of market conditions are identified using a Machine Learning approach called Variational Inference (VI) where for each cluster future changes in portfolio value are similar. VI based algorithm uses optimization techniques to obtain analytical approximations of the posterior probability density of cluster assignments (market regimes) and probabilities of different outcomes for changes in portfolio value. Covid related volatile period around the year 2020 is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach and in particular show how VaR and stress scenarios adapt quickly to changing market conditions. Another advantage of the proposed approach is that classification of market conditions into clusters can provide useful insights about portfolio performance under different market conditions.

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arXiv2022

Estimation of Dynamical Systems in Noisy Conditions and with Constraints

When measurements from dynamical systems are noisy, it is useful to have estimation algorithms that have low sensitivity to measurement noises and outliers. In the first set of results described in this paper we obtain optimal estimators for linear dynamical systems with $ε$ insensitive loss functions. The $ε$ insensitive loss function, which is often used in Support Vector Machines, provides greater robustness when the measurements are biased and very noisy as the algorithm tolerates small errors in prediction which in turn makes the estimates less sensitive to measurement noises. Apart from $ε$ insensitive quadratic loss function, estimation algorithms are also derived for $ε$ insensitive Huber M loss function which provides robustness in presence of both small noises as well as outliers. Robustness in presence of outliers is achieved with Huber cost function based estimator as the error penalty function switches from quadratic to linear for errors beyond certain threshold. The second set of results in the paper describe algorithms for estimation when apart from general description of dynamics of the system, one also has additional information about states and exogenous signals such as known range of some states or prior information about the maximum magnitude of noises/disturbances. While the proposed approaches have similarities to Kalman-Bucy or $\mathcal{H}_2$ smoothing algorithm, the algorithms are not linear in measurements but are easily implemented as optimal estimates are obtained by solving a standard quadratic optimization problem with linear constraints. For all cases, algorithms are proposed not only for filtering and smoothing but also for prediction of future states.

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