arXiv subjects

Kunming Xu

Publications and source records attributed to Kunming Xu.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2007

The unification of Pythagorean theorem for electronic orbitals with Kepler's law for planetary orbits

In the context of two-dimensional spacetime within a helium atom, both 1s electrons are characterized by wave functions that observe duality equation. They are symmetric, orthogonal and interwoven, forming a dynamic rope structure at any moment. Instead of elliptical orbit of planets around the sun, electronic orbitals take the form of matter state transformation cycle. While the kinematic movement of planets is governed by Kepler's first law, electronic transformation obeys Pythagorean theorem, both being equivalent in physical principle. The atomic spacetime is a continuous medium of electron clouds in synchronized differential and integral processes that are implemented by smooth trigonometry. In order to integrate this new approach with conventional physics, the author translates the pattern of electronic motion in the atomic spacetime into spherical volume undulation in Euclidean geometry and calculates the probability density of an electron within the sphere from the classical perspective. From the primary wave function of a 1s electron, the author also tries to derive the mathematical expression of central force that guides the surrounding bodies along the orbits. The result is exciting and surprising that questions the exactness of the venerable Coulomb's law.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2007

A novel spacetime concept for describing electronic motion within a helium atom

Euclidean space and linear algebra do not characterize dynamic electronic orbitals satisfactorily for even the motion of both electrons in an inert helium atom cannot be defined in reasonable details. Here the author puts forward a novel two-dimensional spacetime model from scratch in the context of defining both electrons in a helium atom. Space and time are treated as two orthogonal, symmetric and complementary quantities under the atomic spacetime. Electronic motion observed the rule of differential and integral operations that were implemented by dynamic trigonometric functions. It is demonstrated that the atomic spacetime is not a linear vector space with Newtonian time, and within which calculus has non-classical definition, and complex wave functions have fresh physical significances. This alternative approach is original, informative and refreshing but still compatible with quantum mechanics in the formulation. The description of electronic resonance in helium is also comparable with classical mechanics such as an oscillating pendulum and with classical electromagnetism such as an LC oscillator. The study has effectively unified complex function, calculus, and trigonometry in mathematics, and provided a prospect for unifying particle physics with classical physics on the novel spacetime platform.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

Geometrical and Physical Interpretations of Electronic Harmonic Oscillations in Four Space Dimensions

Following a previous proposition of quaternity spacetime for electronic orbitals in neon shell, this paper describes the geometrical course each electron takes as it oscillates harmonically within a certain quaternity space dimension and provides the concrete connections between geometries and trigonometric wavefunctions that observe Pythagorean theorem. By integrating four quaternity space dimensions with conventional Cartesian coordinate systems in calculus, we explain electronic motions by the Maxwell equation and general Stokes theorem from the principles of rotation operation and space and time symmetry. Altogether with the previous reports, we have effectively established quaternity spacetime as a successful theory in elucidating the orbital shapes and motions of electrons within inert atoms such as helium and neon. We point out once again that 2px, 2py, and 2pz orbitals have different geometrical shapes as well as orthogonal orientations, contrary to the traditional 2p orbital model.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

Novel Spacetime Concept and Dimension Curling up Mechanism in Neon Shell

Euclidean geometry does not characterize dynamic electronic orbitals satisfactorily for even a single electron in a hydrogen atom is a formidable mathematical task with the Schrodinger equation. Here the author puts forward a new spacetime concept that regards space and time as two orthogonal, symmetric and complementary quantities. They are inherent physical quantities that cannot be divorced from physical objects themselves. In two-dimensional helium shell, space and time are instantiated by two interactive 1s electrons; in four-dimensional neon shell, space and time dimensions blend into four types of curvilinear vectors represented by 2s, 2px, 2py, and 2pz electronic orbitals. The description of electronic orbitals constitutes an explanation of canonical spacetime properties such as harmonic oscillation, electromagnetism, and wave propagation. Through differential and integral operations, the author formulates a precise wavefunction for every electron in an inert neon atom where spacetime, as dimensional graduated by ten electrons, is continuous, and trigonometric function is the mechanism for dimension curling up. This fresh spacetime view based on dimensional interpretation of complex functions is an extension of classical mechanics and is compatible with relativity and quantum physics. It brings sharp insight into the geometries of 2p-orbitals and has broad support from chemistry.

physics.gen-ph↗