arXiv subjects

Kyle Lee

Publications and source records attributed to Kyle Lee.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2026

When Agents Talk: Discourse, Manipulation, and Risk in an Agentic Social Network

AI agents are increasingly interacting within shared online environments, creating new operational security risks. We analyze activity on Moltbook, a Reddit-style social platform where AI agents--typically configured and overseen by human operators--post and interact with one another at scale. Using a dataset of 228,684 posts produced by more than 39,500 accounts over a seventeen-day observation window, we combine semantic clustering of high-engagement posts with LLM-assisted classification of harmful content and manual review of high-risk samples. The analysis identifies 98 thematic discourse clusters spanning agent infrastructure, autonomy debates, and financial activity. While most observed content was benign, 18.28% of posts contained toxic, manipulative, or malicious material. We cluster malicious content and identify 74 classes of malicious behavior, including credential harvesting attempts, host-execution instructions, proxy routing guidance, and efforts to install untrusted agent skills. Harmful content frequently appeared within mainstream operational discussions about agent functionality. We also document coordinated posting campaigns capable of generating thousands of posts in minutes.

cs.SI↗

arXiv2026

Les Houches study on inclusive jet production at NNLO+NNLL

Jet production at the LHC is a powerful probe of QCD, making it ideal for precision tests and determinations of QCD parameters such as parton distribution functions and the strong coupling constant. To make the most of the abundant jet production data collected at the LHC, precise calculations are required. While state-of-the-art calculations reach next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD accuracy, a critical assessment of the remaining uncertainties arising from non-perturbative effects and missing higher orders remains crucial for correctly interpreting comparisons between theory and data. Scale variation is nearly always used to determine effects from missing higher orders. In this article, we reassess this method in the context of inclusive jet production by performing NNLO QCD calculations supplemented by small-jet-radius resummation through next-to-next-to-leading-logarithmic accuracy (NNLL). We find that NNLL resummation can have an appreciable impact on the scale uncertainty for inclusive jet cross sections, and, for some scale choices, can lead to sizeable shifts of the central cross section. We conclude that scale variations in fixed-order and resummed calculations can drastically underestimate the impact of higher orders for commonly used jet radius parameters, and that missing higher-order estimates obtained via scale variations should be considered unreliable. Our findings add further evidence to the importance of going beyond scale variations in jet and jet substructure calculations.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Feynman: Knowledge-Infused Diagramming Agent for Scalable Visual Designs

Visual design is an essential application of state-of-the-art multi-modal AI systems. Improving these systems requires high-quality vision-language data at scale. Despite the abundance of internet image and text data, knowledge-rich and well-aligned image-text pairs are rare. In this paper, we present a scalable diagram generation pipeline built with our agent, Feynman. To create diagrams, Feynman first enumerates domain-specific knowledge components (''ideas'') and performs code planning based on the ideas. Given the plan, Feynman translates ideas into simple declarative programs and iterates to receives feedback and visually refine diagrams. Finally, the declarative programs are rendered by the Penrose diagramming system. The optimization-based rendering of Penrose preserves the visual semantics while injecting fresh randomness into the layout, thereby producing diagrams with visual consistency and diversity. As a result, Feynman can author diagrams along with grounded captions with very little cost and time. Using Feynman, we synthesized a dataset with more than 100k well-aligned diagram-caption pairs. We also curate a visual-language benchmark, Diagramma, from freshly generated data. Diagramma can be used for evaluating the visual reasoning capabilities of vision-language models. We plan to release the dataset, benchmark, and the full agent pipeline as an open-source project.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2026

Precision Jet Substructure of Boosted Boson Decays with Energy Correlators

We initiate the precision study of boosted jet substructure using energy correlators, applying this framework to hadronic Higgs decays. We demonstrate that the two-body decay of the Higgs manifests as a distinct angular peak at $θ\sim \arccos(1-2/γ^2)$ for Lorentz boost factor $γ$. We show that infrared scales, such as the dead-cone effect and confinement transition, are also resolved within the boosted distribution. Precision analytic studies of boosted jet substructure may enable precision electroweak studies and open new avenues for new physics searches.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Dihadron Fragmentation and the Confinement Transition in Energy Correlators

In this letter, we relate the factorization for $e^+e^- \to h_1 h_2 X$ to the factorization for energy-energy correlators in the collinear limit. This enables us to give a nonperturbative proof of factorization for the energy correlators, relate the energy correlator jet function to transverse-momentum-sensitive dihadron fragmentation functions, and provide a rigorous description of the confinement transition region.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Probing cold nuclear matter with energy correlators

The future electron-ion collider (EIC) will produce the first-ever high energy collisions between electrons and a wide range of nuclei, opening a new era in the study of cold nuclear matter. Quarks and gluons produced in these collisions will propagate through the dense nuclear matter of nuclei, imprinting its structure into subtle correlations in the energy flux of final state hadrons. In this article, we apply recent developments from the field of jet substructure, namely the energy correlator observables, to decode these correlations and provide a new window into nuclear structure. The energy correlators provide a calibrated probe of the scale dependence of vacuum quantum chromodynamics (QCD), enabling medium modifications to be imaged and interpreted as a function of scale. Using the eHIJING parton shower to simulate electron-nucleus collisions, we demonstrate that the size of the nucleus is imprinted as an angular scale in the correlators, with a magnitude that is visible for realistic EIC kinematics. We can observe the size difference between the proposed EIC nuclear targets ${}^3$He, ${}^4$He, ${}^{12}$C, ${}^{40}$Ca, ${}^{64}$Cu, ${}^{197}$Au, and ${}^{238}$U, showing that the energy correlators can image femtometer length scales using asymptotic energy flux. Our approach offers a unified view of jet substructure across collider experiments, and provides numerous new theoretical tools to unravel the complex dynamics of QCD in extreme environments, both hot and cold.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Latent Chain-of-Thought? Decoding the Depth-Recurrent Transformer

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has enabled transformer-based language models to excel at complex mathematics and multi-step planning. However, in standard decoder-only architectures, these reasoning steps are externalized in natural language, improving interpretability at the cost of efficiency. To capture reasoning that is not easily represented in words, many works have explored recurrent architectures that aim to internalize reasoning in latent space, potentially supporting latent CoT. In this paper, we investigate whether such reasoning structures emerge in Huginn-3.5B, a depth-recurrent Transformer that reuses layers at inference time without increasing parameter count. We examine the model's internal behavior on arithmetic tasks using a suite of probing techniques including the Logit Lens and Coda Lens. Our findings reveal limited evidence of interpretable latent CoT by tracking rank trajectories of final and intermediate result tokens. Furthermore, we uncover significant probing inconsistencies across recurrent blocks, where the interpretability of hidden states depends heavily on both the layer index and the decoding method. Finally, we empirically show that increasing recurrence depth yields only marginal gains and falls well short of models that explicitly externalize reasoning steps. The code is available at https://github.com/wenquanlu/huginn-latent-cot.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

QCD Theory meets Information Theory

We present a novel technique to incorporate precision calculations from quantum chromodynamics into fully differential particle-level Monte-Carlo simulations. By minimizing an information-theoretic quantity subject to constraints, our reweighted Monte Carlo incorporates systematic uncertainties absent in individual Monte Carlo predictions, achieving consistency with the theory input in precision and its estimated systematic uncertainties. Our method can be applied to arbitrary observables known from precision calculations, including multiple observables simultaneously. It generates strictly positive weights, thus offering a clear path to statistically powerful and theoretically precise computations for current and future collider experiments. As a proof of concept, we apply our technique to event-shape observables at electron-positron colliders, leveraging existing precision calculations of thrust. Our analysis highlights the importance of logarithmic moments of event shapes, which have not been previously studied in the collider physics literature.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Heavy Quark Pair Energy Correlators: From Profiling Partonic Splittings to Probing Heavy-Flavor Fragmentation

We introduce heavy-flavor energy correlators, $\langle Ψ|\mathcal{E}_{\mathcal{H}}(\vec{n}_1) \mathcal{E}_{\mathcal{H}}(\vec{n}_2)|Ψ\rangle$, as a powerful observable for profiling partonic splittings and characterizing heavy-flavor fragmentation. We present its collinear factorization, perform resummation, and demonstrate the angular distribution's sensitivity to both the heavy-quark pair splitting and their subsequent fragmentation. We then apply the heavy-flavor EEC to probe medium-induced effects, revealing its sensitivity to medium modifications to heavy-quark pair splitting functions and to the medium's spatial structure.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Effective Field Theory Factorization for Diffraction

We derive a factorization formula for coherent and incoherent $ep$ diffraction using the soft collinear effective theory, utilizing multiple power expansion parameters to handle different kinematic regions. This goes beyond the known hard-collinear diffractive factorization to address the small-$x$ Regge dynamics and Pomeron exchange from first principles. The effective field theory analysis also uncovers and factorizes an important irreducible incoherent background generated by color-nonsinglet exchange, dubbed "quasi-diffraction", for which we calculate the associated Sudakov suppression. For unpolarized scattering we show that there are four diffractive structure functions at leading power, and point out the importance of studying $F_{3,4}^D$ through asymmetries, in addition to $F_{2,L}^D$. For the quasi-diffractive background, we make model independent predictions for ratios of the corresponding structure functions in a perturbative kinematic region. Our analysis also makes predictions for six leading-power spin-dependent structure functions. Finally, we provide connections to diffractive parton distributions, and assess the Ingelman-Schlein model. Our work lays a path for further QCD-based studies of diffraction.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Towards a Quantum Information Theory of Hadronization: Dihadron Fragmentation and Neutral Polarization in Heavy Baryons

We pioneer the application of quantum information theory to experimentally distinguish between classes of hadronization models. We adapt the CHSH inequality to the fragmentation of a single parton to hadron pairs, a violation of which would rule out classical dynamics of hadronization altogether. Furthermore, we apply and extend the theory of quantum contextuality and local quantum systems to the neutral polarization of a single spin-1 hadronic system, namely the light constituents of excited Sigma baryons $Σ^{*}_{c,b}$ formed in the fragmentation of heavy quarks.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Quantum Computing for Energy Correlators

In recent years, energy correlators have emerged as powerful observables for probing the fragmentation dynamics of high-energy collisions. We introduce the first numerical strategy for calculating energy correlators using the Hamiltonian lattice approach, providing access to the intriguing nonperturbative dynamics of these observables. Furthermore, motivated by rapid advances in quantum computing hardware and algorithms, we propose a quantum algorithm for calculating energy correlators in quantum field theories. This algorithm includes ground state preparation, the application of source, sink, energy flux and real-time evolution operators, and the Hadamard test. We validate our approach by applying it to the SU(2) pure gauge theory in $2+1$ dimensions on $3\times 3$ and $5\times 5$ honeycomb lattices with $j_{\rm max} = \frac{1}{2}$ at various couplings, utilizing both classical methods and the quantum algorithm, the latter tested using the IBM emulator for specific configurations. The results are consistent with the expected behavior of the strong coupling regime and motivate a more comprehensive study to probe the confinement dynamics across the weak and strong coupling regimes.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Small radius inclusive jet production at the LHC through NNLO+NNLL

The study of hadronic jets and their substructure at hadronic colliders is crucial for improving our understanding of QCD, and searching for new physics. As such, there has been a significant effort to improve their theoretical description. In the small radius limit, inclusive jet production exhibits a universal factorization, enabling the resummation of logarithms which greatly stabilizes theoretical predictions. In this paper, we show how to combine a recently introduced framework for small-$R$ resummation with the STRIPPER subtraction formalism for fragmentation, enabling next-to-next-to-leading order calculations of small-$R$ inclusive jet production for a wide variety of processes at the LHC. We extract the two-loop constants for the jet functions, enabling for the first time next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic resummation matched to next-to-next-to-leading order perturbative calculation. We compare with CMS data for small-$R$ jet production, and find that our results greatly improve the accuracy of the predictions at small-$R$, and stabilize the perturbative convergence and error estimates at larger $R$. Our approach is applicable to a wide class of jet substructure observables exhibiting similar factorization theorems, opening the door to an NNLO jet substructure program at the LHC.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Nonperturbative Effects in Energy Correlators: From Characterizing Confinement Transition to Improving $α_s$ Extraction

Energy correlators provide a powerful observable to study fragmentation dynamics in QCD. We demonstrate that the leading nonperturbative corrections for projected $N$-point energy correlators are described by the same universal parameter for any $N$, which has already been determined from other event shape fits. Including renormalon-free nonperturbative corrections substantially improves theoretical predictions of energy correlators, notably the transition into the confining region at small angles. Nonperturbative corrections are shown to have a significant impact on $α_s$ extractions.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Noise-augmented Chaotic Ising Machines for Combinatorial Optimization and Sampling

Ising machines, hardware accelerators for combinatorial optimization and probabilistic sampling problems, have gained significant interest recently. A key element is stochasticity, which enables a wide exploration of configurations, thereby helping avoid local minima. Here, we refine the previously proposed concept of coupled chaotic bits (c-bits) that operate without explicit stochasticity. We show that augmenting chaotic bits with stochasticity enhances performance in combinatorial optimization, achieving algorithmic scaling comparable to probabilistic bits (p-bits). We first demonstrate that c-bits follow the quantum Boltzmann law in a 1D transverse field Ising model. We then show that c-bits exhibit critical dynamics similar to stochastic p-bits in 2D Ising and 3D spin glass models, with promising potential to solve challenging optimization problems. Finally, we propose a noise-augmented version of coupled c-bits via the adaptive parallel tempering algorithm (APT). Our noise-augmented c-bit algorithm outperforms fully deterministic c-bits running versions of the simulated annealing algorithm. Other analog Ising machines with coupled oscillators could draw inspiration from the proposed algorithm. Running replicas at constant temperature eliminates the need for global modulation of coupling strengths. Mixing stochasticity with deterministic c-bits creates a powerful hybrid computing scheme that can bring benefits in scaled, asynchronous, and massively parallel hardware implementations.

cond-mat.dis-nn↗

arXiv2024

Revisiting Single Inclusive Jet Production: Small-$R$ Resummation at Next-to-Leading Logarithm

The precision description of jet production plays an important role in many aspects of collider physics. In a recent paper we have presented a new factorization theorem for inclusive small radius jet production. The jet function appearing in our factorization theorem exhibits a non-standard renormalization group evolution, which, starting at next-to-leading logarithm (NLL), differs from previous results in the literature. In this paper we perform a first phenomenological study using our newly developed formalism, applying it to compute the spectrum of small radius jets in $e^+e^-\to J+X$ at NLL. We compare our results with previous predictions, highlighting the numerical impact of previously neglected terms throughout phase space. Our approach can be used for a variety of different collider systems, in particular, $ep$ and $pp$ collisions, with broad applications to the jet substructure program. Most importantly, since our factorization theorem is valid to all orders, the approach developed here will enable NNLL resummation of small radius logarithms in inclusive jet production, extending the precision of jet substructure calculations.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Revisiting Single Inclusive Jet Production: Timelike Factorization and Reciprocity

Factorization theorems for single inclusive jet production play a crucial role in the study of jets and their substructure. In the case of small radius jets, the dynamics of the jet clustering can be factorized from both the hard production dynamics, and the dynamics of the low scale jet substructure measurement, and is described by a matching coefficient that can be computed in perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). A proposed factorization formula describing this process has been previously presented in the literature, and is referred to as the semi-inclusive, or fragmenting jets formalism. By performing an explicit two-loop calculation, we show the inconsistency of this factorization formula, in agreement with another recent result in the literature. Building on recent progress in the factorization of single logarithmic observables, and the understanding of reciprocity, we then derive a new all-order factorization theorem for inclusive jet production. Our factorization involves a non-trivial convolution structure, that maintains the universality of the hard function from inclusive fragmentation. We perform an explicit two-loop calculation of the jet function in both $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills (SYM), and for all color channels in QCD, finding exact agreement with the structure derived from our renormalization group equations. In addition, we derive several new results, including an extension of our factorization formula to jet substructure observables, a jet algorithm definition of a generating function for the energy correlators, and new results for exclusive jet functions. Our results are a key ingredient for achieving precision jet substructure at colliders.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Liouvillian Dynamics of the Open Schwinger Model: String Breaking and Kinetic Dissipation in a Thermal Medium

Understanding the dynamics of bound state formation is one of the fundamental questions in confining quantum field theories such as Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). One hadronization mechanism that has garnered significant attention is the breaking of a string initially connecting a fermion and an anti-fermion. Deepening our understanding of real-time string-breaking dynamics with simpler, lower dimensional models like the Schwinger model can improve our understanding of the hadronization process in QCD and other confining systems found in condensed matter and statistical systems. In this paper, we consider the string-breaking dynamics within the Schwinger model and investigate its modification inside a thermal medium, treating the Schwinger model as an open quantum system coupled to a thermal environment. Within the regime of weak coupling between the system and environment, the real-time evolution of the system can be described by a Lindblad evolution equation. We analyze the Liouvillian gaps of this Lindblad equation and the time dependence of the system's von Neumann entropy. We observe that the late-time relaxation rate decreases as the environment correlation length increases. Moreover, when the environment correlation length is infinite, the system exhibits two steady states, one in each of the sectors with definite charge-conjugation-parity (CP) quantum numbers. For parameter regimes where an initial string breaks in vacuum, we observe a delay of the string breaking in the medium, due to kinetic dissipation effects. Conversely, in regimes where an initial string remains intact in vacuum time evolution, we observe string breaking (melting) in the thermal medium. We further discuss how the Liouvillian dynamics of the open Schwinger model can be simulated on quantum computers and provide an estimate of the associated Trotter errors.

quant-ph↗