arXiv subjects

Kyung-Suk Cho

Publications and source records attributed to Kyung-Suk Cho.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2019

Seismological determination of the Alfvén speed and plasma-beta in solar photospheric bright points

The Alfvén speed and plasma beta in photospheric bright points observed by the Broadband Filter Imager (BFI) of the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) on board the \textit{Hinode} satellite, are estimated seismologically. The diagnostics is based on the theory of slow magnetoacoustic waves in a non-isothermally stratified photosphere with a uniform vertical magnetic field. We identify and track bright points in a G-band movie by using the 3D region growing method, and align them with blue continuum images to derive their brightness temperatures. From the Fourier power spectra of 118 continuum light curves made in the bright points, we find that light curves of 91 bright points have oscillations with properties which are significantly different from oscillation in quiet regions, with the periods ranging 2.2--16.2~min. We find that the model gives a moderate value of the plasma beta when $γ$ lies at around 5/3. The calculated Alfvén speed is 9.68$\pm$2.02~km~s$^{-1}$, ranging in 6.3--17.4~km~s$^{-1}$. The plasma beta is estimated to be of 0.93$\pm$0.36, ranging in 0.2--1.9.

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arXiv2018

2D solar wind speeds from 6 to 26 solar radii in solar cycle 24 by using Fourier filtering

Measurement of the solar wind speed near the Sun is important for understanding the acceleration mechanism of the solar wind. In this study, we determine 2D solar wind speeds from 6 to 26 solar radii by applying Fourier motion filters to \textit{SOHO}/LASCO C3 movies observed from 1999 to 2010. Our method successfully reproduces the original flow speeds in the artificially generated data as well as streamer blobs. We measure 2D solar wind speeds from 1-day to 1-year timescales and their variation in solar cycle 24. We find that the solar wind speeds at timescales longer than a month in the solar maximum period are relatively uniform in the azimuthal direction, while they are clearly bimodal in the minimum period, as expected from the \textit{Ulysses} observations and IPS reconstruction. The bimodal structure appears at around 2006, becomes most distinctive in 2009, and abruptly disappears in 2010. The radial evolution of the solar wind speeds resembles the Parker's solar wind solution.

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arXiv2017

Observation of a Large-scale Quasi-circular Secondary Ribbon associated with Successive Flares and a Halo CME

Solar flare ribbons provide an important clue to the magnetic reconnection process and associated magnetic field topology in the solar corona. We detected a large-scale secondary flare ribbon of a circular shape that developed in association with two successive M-class flares and one CME. The ribbon revealed interesting properties such as 1) a quasi-circular shape and enclosing the central active region; 2) the size as large as 500\arcsec\, by 650\arcsec\,, 3) successive brightenings in the clockwise direction at a speed of \kms{160} starting from the nearest position to the flaring sunspots, 4) radial contraction and expansion in the northern and the southern part, respectively at speeds of $\leq$ \kms{10}. Using multi-wavelength data from \textit{SDO}, \textit{RHESSI}, XRT, and Nobeyama, along with magnetic field extrapolations, we found that: 1) the secondary ribbon location is consistent with the field line footpoints of a fan-shaped magnetic structure that connects the flaring region and the ambient decaying field; 2) the second M2.6 flare occurred when the expanding coronal loops driven by the first M2.0 flare encountered the background decayed field. 3) Immediately after the second flare, the secondary ribbon developed along with dimming regions. Based on our findings, we suggest that interaction between the expanding sigmoid field and the overlying fan-shaped field triggered the secondary reconnection that resulted in the field opening and formation of the quasi-circular secondary ribbon. We thus conclude that interaction between the active region and the ambient large-scale fields should be taken into account to fully understand the entire eruption process.

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arXiv2017

Quasi-Periodic Radio Bursts Associated with Fast-mode Waves near a Magnetic Null Point

This paper presents an observation of quasi-periodic rapidly-propagating waves observed in the AIA 171/193 Å~ channels during the impulsive phase of an M1.9 flare occurred on 7 May 2012. The instant period was found to decrease from 240~s to 120~s, the speed of the wave fronts was in the range of ~664-1416 km/s. Almost simultaneously, quasi-periodic bursts with similar instant periods, ~70~s and ~140~s, occur in the microwave emission and in decimetric type IV, and type III radio bursts, and in the soft X-ray emission. The magnetic field configuration of the flare site was consistent with a breakout topology, i.e., a quadrupolar field along with a magnetic null point. The quasi-periodic rapidly-propagating wavefronts of the EUV emission are interpreted as a fast magnetoacoustic wave train. The observations suggest that the fast-mode waves are generated during the quasi-periodic magnetic reconnection in the cusp-region above the flare arcade loops. For the first time, we provide the evidence of a tadpole wavelet signature at about 70--140~s in decimetric (245/610~MHz) radio bursts, along with the direct observation of a coronal fast-mode wave train in EUV. In addition, at AIA 131/193 Å we observed quasi-periodic EUV disturbances with the periods of 95~s and 240~s propagating downward at the apparent speed of 172-273 km/s. The nature of these downward propagating disturbances is not revealed, but they could be connected with magnetoacoustic waves or periodically shrinking loops.

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arXiv2017

Multiwavelength Observations of a Flux Rope Formation by Series of Magnetic Reconnection in the Chromosphere

Using high-resolution observations from the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope (NST) operating at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO), we report direct evidence of merging/reconnection of cool H$α$ loops in the chromosphere during two homologous flares (B- and C-class) caused by a shear motion at the footpoint of two loops. The reconnection between these loops caused the formation of an unstable flux rope which showed counterclockwise rotation. The flux rope could not reach the height of torus instability and failed to form a coronal mass ejection. The HMI magnetograms revealed rotation of the negative/positive (N1/P2) polarity sunspots in the opposite directions, which increased the right and left-handed twist in the magnetic structures rooted at N1/P2. Rapid photospheric flux cancellation (duration$\sim$20-30 min, rate$\approx$3.44$\times$10$^{20}$ Mx h$^{-1}$) was observed during and even after the first B6.0 flare and continued until the end of the second C2.3 flare. The RHESSI X-ray sources were located at the site of the loop's coalescence. To the best of our knowledge, such a clear interaction of chromospheric loops along with rapid flux cancellation has not been reported before. These high-resolution observations suggest the formation of a small flux rope by a series of magnetic reconnection within chromospheric loops associated with very rapid flux cancellation.

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arXiv2017

Chromospheric Plasma Ejections in a Light Bridge of a Sunspot

It is well-known that light bridges inside a sunspot produce small-scale plasma ejections and transient brightenings in the chromosphere, but the nature and origin of such phenomena are still unclear. Utilizing the high-spatial and high temporal resolution spectral data taken with the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph and the TiO 7057 A broadband filter images installed at the 1.6 meter New Solar Telescope of Big Bear Solar Observatory, we report arcsecond-scale chromospheric plasma ejections (1.7 arc) inside a light bridge. Interestingly, the ejections are found to be a manifestation of upwardly propagating shock waves as evidenced by the sawtooth patterns seen in the temporal-spectral plots of the Ca II 8542 A and H-alpha intensities. We also found a fine-scale photospheric pattern (1 arc) diverging with a speed of about 2 km/s two minutes before the plasma ejections, which seems to be a manifestation of magnetic flux emergence. As a response to the plasma ejections, the corona displayed small-scale transient brightenings. Based on our findings, we suggest that the shock waves can be excited by the local disturbance caused by magnetic reconnection between the emerging flux inside the light bridge and the adjacent umbral magnetic field. The disturbance generates slow-mode waves, which soon develop into shock waves, and manifest themselves as the arcsecond-scale plasma ejections. It also appears that the dissipation of mechanical energy in the shock waves can heat the local corona.

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arXiv2017

Observation of a Short Period Quasi-Periodic Pulsation in Solar X-ray, Microwave and EUV Emissions

This paper presents the multi-wavelength analysis of a 13 s quasi-periodic pulsation (QPP) observed in hard X-ray (12-300 keV) and microwave (4.9-34 GHz) emissions during a C-class flare occurred on 21 September 2015. AIA 304 and 171 Å~ images show an emerging loop/flux tube (L1) moving radially outward, which interacts with preexisting structures within the active region. The QPP was observed during the expansion and rising motion of L1. The Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH) microwave images in 17/34 GHz channels reveal a single radio source, which was co-spatial with a neighboring loop (L2). In addition, using AIA 304 Å~ images, we detected intensity oscillations in the legs of loop L2 with a period of about 26 s. A similar oscillation period was observed in the GOES soft X-ray flux derivative. This oscillation period seems to increase with time. We suggest that the observed QPP is most likely generated by the interaction between loops L2 and L3 observed in the AIA hot channels (131 and 94 Å). The merging speed of loops L2 and L3 was ~35 km/s. Loop L1 destroyed possibly by its interaction with preexisting structures in the active region and produced a cool jet with the speed ~106-118 km/s associated with a narrow CME (~770 km/s). Another mechanism of the QPP in terms of a sausage oscillation of the loop (L2) is also possible.

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arXiv2016

Pre-eruption Oscillations in Thin and Long Features in a Quiescent Filament

We investigate the eruption of a quiescent filament located close to an active region. Large-scale activation was observed in only half of the filament in the form of pre-eruption oscillations. Consequently only this half erupted nearly 30 hr after the oscillations commenced. Time-slice diagrams of 171 Å images from Atmospheric Imaging Assembly were used to study the oscillations. The oscillations were observed in several thin and long features connecting the filament spine to the chromosphere below. This study traces the origin of such features and proposes their possible interpretation. Small-scale magnetic flux cancellation accompanied by a brightening was observed at the footpoint of the features shortly before their appearance, in images recorded by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. Slow rise of the filament was detected in addition to the oscillations, indicating a gradual loss of equilibrium. Our analysis indicates that a change in magnetic field connectivity between two neighbouring active regions and the quiescent filament resulted in weakening of the overlying arcade of the filament leading to its eruption. It is also suggested that the oscillating features are filament barbs, and the oscillations are a manifestation during the pre-eruption phase of filaments.

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arXiv2016

Pre-flare coronal jet and evolutionary phases of a solar eruptive prominence associated with M1.8 flare: SDO and RHESSI observations

We investigate triggering, activation, and ejection of a solar eruptive prominence that occurred in a multi-polar flux system of active region NOAA 11548 on 2012 August 18 by analyzing data from AIA on board SDO, RHESSI, and EUVI/SECCHI on board STEREO. Prior to the prominence activation, we observed striking coronal activities in the form of a blowout jet which is associated with rapid eruption of a cool flux rope. Further, the jet-associated flux rope eruption underwent splitting and rotation during its outward expansion. These coronal activities are followed by the prominence activation during which it slowly rises with a speed of ~12 km/s while the region below the prominence emits gradually varying EUV and thermal X-ray emissions. From these observations, we propose that the prominence eruption is a complex, multi-step phenomenon in which a combination of internal (tether-cutting reconnection) and external (i.e., pre-eruption coronal activities) processes are involved. The prominence underwent catastrophic loss of equilibrium with the onset of the impulsive phase of an M1.8 flare suggesting large-scale energy release by coronal magnetic reconnection. We obtained signatures of particle acceleration in the form of power law spectra with hard electron spectral index (delta ~ 3) and strong HXR footpoint sources. During the impulsive phase, a hot EUV plasmoid was observed below the apex of the erupting prominence that ejected in the direction of the prominence with a speed of ~177 km/s. The temporal, spatial and kinematic correlations between the erupting prominence and the plasmoid imply that the magnetic reconnection supported the fast ejection of prominence in the lower corona.

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arXiv2016

Observation of a Quasi-periodic Pulsation in Hard X-ray, Radio and Extreme-ultraviolet Wavelengths

We present multi-wavelength analysis of a quasi-periodic pulsation (QPP) observed in the hard X-ray, radio, and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) channels during an M1.9 flare occurred on 23-24 September 2011. The non-thermal hard X-ray emission in 25-50 keV observed by RHESSI shows five distinct impulsive peaks of decaying amplitude with a period of about three minutes. Similar QPP was observed in the microwave emission recorded by the Nobeyama Radioheliograph and Polarimeter in the 8.8, 15, 17 GHz channels. Interestingly, the 3-min QPP was also observed in the metric and decimetric radio frequencies (25-180, 245, 610 MHz) as repetitive type III bursts. Multi-wavelength observations from the SDO/AIA, Hinode/SOT, and STEREO/SECCHI suggest a fan-spine topology at the eruption site, associated with the formation of a quasi-circular ribbon during the flare. A small filament was observed below the fan-loops before the flare onset. The filament rose slowly and interacted with the ambient field. This behaviour was followed by an untwisting motion of the filament. Two different structures of the filament showed $\sim$3-min periodic alternate rotation in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions. The 3-min QPP was found to highly correlate with 3-min oscillations in a nearby sunspot. We suggest that the periodic reconnection (modulated either by sunspot slow-mode wave or by untwisting filament) at a magnetic null-point most likely causes the repetitive particle acceleration, generating the QPP observed in hard X-ray, microwave and type III radio bursts.

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arXiv2015

Observations of a Series of Flares and Associated Jet-like Eruptions Driven by the Emergence of Twisted Magnetic Fields

We studied temporal changes of morphological and magnetic properties of a succession of four confined flares followed by an eruptive flare using the high-resolution New Solar Telescope (NST) operating at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO), Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) magnetograms and Atmospheric Image Assembly (AIA) EUV images provided by Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). From the NST/Halpha and the SDO/AIA~304 A observations we found that each flare developed a jet structure that evolved in a manner similar to evolution of the blowout jet : 1) an inverted-Y shape jet appeared and drifted away from its initial position; 2) jets formed a curtain-like structure that consisted of many fine threads accompanied with subsequent brightenings near the footpoints of the fine threads; and finally 3) the jet showed a twisted structure visible near the flare maximum. Analysis of the HMI data showed that both the negative magnetic flux and the magnetic helicity have been gradually increasing in the positive polarity region indicating the continuous injection of magnetic twist before and during the series of flares. Based on these results, we suggest that the continuous emergence of twisted magnetic flux played an important role in producing a successive flares and developing a series of blowout jets.

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arXiv2015

Formation and Eruption of a Small Flux Rope in the Chromosphere Observed by NST, IRIS, and SDO

Using high-resolution images from 1.6 m New Solar Telescope (NST) at Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO), we report the direct evidence of chromospheric reconnection at the polarity inversion line (PIL) between two small opposite polarity sunspots. Small jet-like structures (with velocities of ~20-55 km/s) were observed at the reconnection site before the onset of the first M1.0 flare. The slow rise of untwisting jets was followed by the onset of cool plasma inflow (~10 km/s) at the reconnection site, causing the onset of a two-ribbon flare. The reconnection between two sheared J-shaped cool H$α$ loops causes the formation of a small twisted flux rope (S shaped) in the chromosphere. In addition, Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) magnetograms show the flux cancellation (both positive and negative) during the first M1.0 flare. The emergence of negative flux and cancellation of positive flux (with shear flows) continue until the successful eruption of the flux rope. The newly formed chromospheric flux rope becomes unstable and rises slowly with the speed of ~108 km/s during a second C8.5 flare that occurred after ~3 hours of the first M1.0 flare. The flux rope was destroyed by repeated magnetic reconnection induced by its interaction with the ambient field (fan-spine toplology) and looks like an untwisting surge (~170 km/s) in the coronal images recorded by Solar Dynamic Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA). These observations suggest the formation of a chromospheric flux rope (by magnetic reconnection associated with flux cancellation) during the first M1.0 flare and its subsequent eruption/disruption during the second C8.5 flare.

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arXiv2015

X-ray and EUV Observations of Simultaneous Short and Long Period Oscillations in Hot Coronal Arcade Loops

We report decaying quasi-periodic intensity oscillations in the X-ray (6-12 keV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) channels (131, 94, 1600, 304 Å) observed by the Fermi GBM (Gamma-ray Burst Monitor) and SDO/AIA, respectively, during a C-class flare. The estimated period of oscillation and decay time in the X-ray channel (6-12 keV) was about 202 s and 154 s, respectively. A similar oscillation period was detected at the footpoint of the arcade loops in the AIA 1600 and 304 Åchannels. Simultaneously, AIA hot channels (94 and 131 Å) reveal propagating EUV disturbances bouncing back and forth between the footpoints of the arcade loops. The period of the oscillation and decay time were about 409 s and 1121 s, respectively. The characteristic phase speed of the wave is about 560 km/s for about 115 Mm loop length, which is roughly consistent with the sound speed at the temperature about 10-16 MK (480-608 km/s). These EUV oscillations are consistent with the SOHO/SUMER Doppler-shift oscillations interpreted as the global standing slow magnetoacoustic wave excited by a flare. The flare occurred at one of the footpoints of the arcade loops, where the magnetic topology was a 3D fan-spine with a null-point. Repetitive reconnection at this footpoint could cause the periodic acceleration of non-thermal electrons that propagated to the opposite footpoint along the arcade and precipitating there, causing the observed 202-s periodicity. Other possible interpretations, e.g. the second harmonics of the slow mode are also discussed.

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arXiv2014

Multiwavelength observation of a large-scale flux rope eruption above kinked mini-filament

We analyse multiwavelength observations of a western limb flare (C3.9) occurred in AR NOAA 111465 on 30 April 2012. The high resolution images recorded by SDO/AIA 304, 1600 Å and Hinode/SOT H$α$ show the activation of a mini-filament (rising speed$\sim$40 km s$^{-1}$) associated with kink instability and the onset of a C-class flare near the southern leg of the filament. The first magnetic reconnection occurred at one of the footpoints of the filament causing the breaking of its southern leg. The filament shows unwinding motion of the northern leg and apex in the counterclockwise direction and failed to erupt. A flux-rope (visible only in hot channels, i.e., AIA 131 and 94 Å channels and Hinode/SXT) structure was appeared along the neutral line during the second magnetic reconnection taking place above the kinked filament. Formation of the RHESSI hard X-ray source (12-25 keV) above the kinked filament and simultaneous appearance of the hot 131 Å loops associated with photospheric brightenings (AIA 1700 Å) suggest the particle acceleration along these loops from the top of the filament. In addition, EUV disturbances/waves observed above the filament in 171 Å also show a close association with magnetic reconnection. The flux rope rises slowly ($\sim$100 km s$^{-1}$) producing a rather big twisted structure possibly by reconnection with the surrounding sheared magnetic fields within $\sim$15-20 minutes, and showed an impulsive acceleration reaching a height of about 80--100 Mm. AIA 171 and SWAP 174 Å images reveal a cool compression front (or CME frontal loop) surrounding the hot flux rope structure.

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arXiv2014

Impulsive energy release and non-thermal emission in a confined M4.0 flare triggered by rapidly evolving magnetic structures

We present observations of a confined M4.0 flare from NOAA 11302 on 2011 September 26. Observations at high temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution from Solar Dynamics Observatory, Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, and Nobeyama Radioheliograph enabled us to explore the possible triggering and energy release processes of this flare despite its very impulsive behavior and compact morphology. The flare light curves exhibit an abrupt rise of non-thermal emission with co-temporal hard X-ray (HXR) and microwave (MW) bursts that peaked instantly without any precursor emission. This stage was associated with HXR emission up to 200 keV that followed a power law with photon spectral index ($δ$) $\sim$3. Another non-thermal peak, observed 32 s later, was more pronounced in the MW flux than the HXR profiles. Dual peaked structure in the MW and HXR light curves suggest a two-step magnetic reconnection process. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) images exhibit a sequential evolution of the inner and outer core regions of magnetic loop system while the overlying loop configuration remained unaltered. Combined observations in HXR, (E)UV, and H$α$ provide support for flare models involving interaction of coronal loops. The magnetograms obtained from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) reveal the emergence of magnetic flux which started $\sim$5 hr before the flare. However, the more crucial changes in the photospheric magnetic flux occurred about 1 minute prior to the flare onset with opposite polarity magnetic transients appearing at the early flare location within the inner core region. The spectral, temporal, and spatial properties of magnetic transients suggest that the sudden changes in the small-scale magnetic field have likely triggered the flare by destabilizing the highly sheared pre-flare magnetic configuration.

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arXiv2013

Study of Magnetic Helicity Injection in the Active Regions NOAA 9236 Producing Multiple Flare-associated CME Events

To better understand a preferred magnetic field configuration and its evolution during Coronal Mass Ejection events, we investigated the spatial and temporal evolution of photospheric magnetic fields in the active region NOAA 9236 that produced eight flare-associated CMEs during the time period of 2000 November 23-26. The time variations of the total magnetic helicity injection rate and the total unsigned magnetic flux are determined and examined not only in the entire active region but also in some local regions such as the main sunspots and the CME-associated flaring regions using SOHO/MDI magnetogram data. As a result, we found that: (1) in the sunspots, a large amount of postive (right-handed) magnetic helicity was injected during most of the examined time period, (2) in the flare region, there was a continuous injection of negative (left-handed) magnetic helicity during the entire period, accompanied by a large increase of the unsigned magnetic flux, and (3) the flaring regions were mainly composed of emerging bipoles of magnetic fragments in which magnetic field lines have substantially favorable conditions for making reconnection with large-scale, overlying, and oppositely directed magnetic field lines connecting the main sunspots. These observational findings can also be well explained by some MHD numerical simulations for CME initiation (e.g., reconnection-favored emerging flux models). We therefore conclude that reconnection-favored magnetic fields in the flaring emerging flux regions play a crucial role in producing the multiple flare-associated CMEs in NOAA 9236.

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arXiv2012

The Occurrence and Speed of CMEs Related to Two Characteristic Evolution Patterns of Helicity Injection in Their Solar Source Regions

Long-term (a few days) variation of magnetic helicity injection was calculated for 28 solar active regions which produced 47 CMEs to find its relationships with the CME occurrence and speed using SOHO/MDI line-of-sight magnetograms. As a result, we found that the 47 CMEs can be categorized into two different groups by two characteristic evolution patterns of helicity injection in their source active regions which appeared for about 0.5-4.5 days before their occurrence: (1) a monotonically increasing pattern with one sign of helicity (Group A; 30 CMEs in 23 active regions) and (2) a pattern of significant helicity injection followed by its sign reversal (Group B; 17 CMEs in 5 active regions). We also found that CME speed has a correlation with average helicity injection rate with linear correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.63 for Group A and Group B, respectively. In addition, these two CME groups show different characteristics as follows: (1) the average CME speed of Group B (1330km/s) is much faster than that of Group A (870km/s), (2) the CMEs in Group A tend to be single events, whereas those in Group B mainly consist of successive events, and (3) flares related to the CMEs in Group B are relatively more energetic and impulsive than those in Group A. Our findings therefore suggest that the two CME groups have different pre-CME conditions in their source active regions and different CME characteristics.

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arXiv2011

Pre-flare activity and magnetic reconnection during the evolutionary stages of energy release in a solar eruptive flare

In this paper, we present a multi-wavelength analysis of an eruptive white-light M3.2 flare which occurred in active region NOAA 10486 on November 1, 2003. Excellent set of high resolution observations made by RHESSI and TRACE provide clear evidence of significant pre-flare activities for ~9 minutes in the form of an initiation phase observed at EUV/UV wavelengths followed by the X-ray precursor phase. During the initiation phase, we observed localized brightenings in the highly sheared core region close to the filament and interactions among short EUV loops overlying the filament which led to the opening of magnetic field lines. The X-ray precursor phase is manifested in RHESSI measurements below ~30 keV and coincided with the beginning of flux emergence at the flaring location along with early signatures of the eruption. From the RHESSI observations, we conclude that both plasma heating and electron acceleration occurred during the precursor phase. The main flare is consistent with the standard flare model. However, after the impulsive phase, intense HXR looptop source was observed without significant footpoint emission. More intriguingly, for a brief period the looptop source exhibited strong HXR emission with energies up to 100 keV and significant non-thermal characteristics. The present study indicates a causal relation between the activities in the preflare and main flare. We also conclude that pre-flare activities, occurred in the form of subtle magnetic reorganization along with localized magnetic reconnection, played a crucial role in destabilizing the active region filament leading to solar eruptive flare and associated large-scale phenomena.

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