arXiv subjects

L. Amati

Publications and source records attributed to L. Amati.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

arXiv2006

X-ray broad-band study of the symbiotic X-ray binary 4U 1954+31

(Abridged) We present results of several X-ray observations of the X-ray binary 4U 1954+31 performed with the satellites BeppoSAX, EXOSAT, ROSAT, RXTE, and Swift. We also studied the RXTE ASM data over a period of more than 10 years. Light curves of all observations show an erratic behaviour with sudden increases in the source emission on timescales variable from hundreds to thousands of seconds. There are no indications of changes in the source spectral hardness, with the possible exception of the RXTE pointed observation. Timing analysis does not reveal the presence of coherent pulsations or periodicities either in the pointed observations in the range from 2 ms to 2000 s or in the long-term RXTE ASM light curve on timescales from days to years. The 0.2-150 keV spectrum, obtained with BeppoSAX, is the widest for this source available to date in terms of spectral coverage and is well described by a model consisting of a lower-energy thermal component (hot diffuse gas) plus a higher-energy (Comptonization) emission, with the latter modified by a partially-covering cold absorber plus a warm (ionized) absorber. A blackbody modelization of our BeppoSAX low-energy data is ruled out. The presence of a complex absorber local to the source is also supported by the 0.1-2 keV ROSAT spectrum. RXTE, EXOSAT and Swift X-ray spectroscopy is consistent with the above results, but indicates variations in the density and the ionization of the local absorber. A 6.5 keV emission line is possibly detected in the BeppoSAX and RXTE spectra. All this information suggests that the scenario that better describes 4U 1954+31 consists of a binary system in which a neutron star orbits in a highly inhomogeneus medium from a stellar wind coming from its optical companion, an M-type giant star.

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arXiv2006

On the consistency of the peculiar GRBs 060218 and 060614 with the Ep,i - Eiso correlation

We analyze and discuss the position of GRB 060218 and GRB 060614 in the Ep,i - Eiso plane. GRB 060218 is important because of its similarity with GRB 980425, the proto-type event of the GRB-SN connection. While GRB 980425 is an outlier of the Ep,i - Eiso correlation, we find that GRB 060218 is fully consistent with it. This evidence, combined with the `chromatic' behavior of the afterglow light curves, is at odds with the hypothesis that GRB 060218 was a `standard' GRB seen off-axis and supports the existence of a class of truly sub--energetic GRBs. GRB 060614 is a peculiar event not accompanied by a bright Supernova. Based on published spectral information, we find that also this event is consistent with the Ep,i - Eiso correlation. We discuss the implications of our results for the rate of sub--energetic GRBs, the GRB/SN connection and the properties of the newly discovered sub-class of long GRBs not associated with bright Supernovae. We have included in our analysis other recent GRBs with clear evidence (or clear no evidence) of associated SNe.

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arXiv2006

Gamma-ray lens development status for a European Gamma-Ray Imager

A breakthrough in the sensitivity level of the hard X-/gamma-ray telescopes, which today are based on detectors that view the sky through (or not) coded masks, is expected when focusing optics will be available also in this energy range. Focusing techniques are now in an advanced stage of development. To date the most efficient technique to focus hard X-rays with energies above 100 keV appears to be the Bragg diffraction from crystals in transmission configuration (Laue lenses). Crystals with mosaic structure appear to be the most suitable to build a Laue lens with a broad passband, even though other alternative structures are being investigated. The goal of our project is the development of a broad band focusing telescope based on gamma-ray lenses for the study of the continuum emission of celestial sources from 60 keV up to >600 keV. We will report details of our project, its development status and results of our assessment study of a lens configuration for the European Gamma Ray Imager (GRI) mission now under study for the ESA plan "Cosmic Vision 2015-2025".

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arXiv2006

An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB-supernovae were thought to be rare events. Whether X-ray flashes - analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer gamma-rays - can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst, is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218. Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB-supernovae, but more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups, which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output and the supernova radio flux. Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations, suggest that XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB observed off-axis. This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are probably more numerous than GRB-supernovae.

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arXiv2006

The slope of the GRB Variability/Peak Luminosity Correlation

From a sample of 32 GRBs with known redshift (Guidorzi et al. 2005) and then a sample of 551 BATSE GRBs with derived pseudo-redshift (Guidorzi 2005), the time variability/peak luminosity correlation (V vs. L) found by Reichart et al. (2001) was tested. For both samples the correlation is still found but less relevant due to a much higher spread of the data. Assuming a straight line in the logL-logV plane (logL = m logV + b), as done by Reichart et al., the slope was found lower than that derived by Reichart et al.: m = 1.3_{-0.4}^{+0.8} (Guidorzi et al. 2005), m = 0.85 +- 0.02 (Guidorzi 2005), to be compared with m = 3.3^{+1.1}_{-0.9} (Reichart et al. 2001). Reichart & Nysewander (2005) attribute the different slope to the fact we do not take into account in the fit the variance of the sample, and demonstrate that, using the method by Reichart (2001), the data set of Guidorzi et al. (2005) in logL-logV plane is still well described with slope m = 3.4^{+0.9}_{-0.6}. Here we compare the results of two methods accounting for the variance of the sample, that implemented by Reichart (2001) and that by D'Agostini (2005). We demonstrate that the method by Reichart (2001) provides an inconsistent estimate of the slope when the sample variance is comparable with the interval of values covered by the variability. We also show that, using the D'Agostini method, the slope is consistent with that derived by us earlier and inconsistent with that derived by Reichart & Nysewander (2005). Finally we discuss the implications on the interpretations and show that our results are in agreement with the peak energy/variability correlation found by Lloyd-Ronning & Ramirez-Ruiz (2002) and the peak energy/peak luminosity correlation (Yonetoku et al. 2004; Ghirlanda et al. 2005) [abridged].

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arXiv2006

The gamma-ray burst monitor for Lobster-ISS

Lobster-ISS is an X-ray all-sky monitor experiment selected by ESA two years ago for a Phase A study (now almost completed) for a future flight (2009) aboard the Columbus Exposed Payload Facility of the International Space Station. The main instrument, based on MCP optics with Lobster-eye geometry, has an energy passband from 0.1 to 3.5 keV, an unprecedented daily sensitivity of 2x10^{-12} erg cm^{-2}s$^{-1}, and it is capable to scan, during each orbit, the entire sky with an angular resolution of 4--6 arcmin. This X-ray telescope is flanked by a Gamma Ray Burst Monitor, with the minimum requirement of recognizing true GRBs from other transient events. In this paper we describe the GRBM. In addition to the minimum requirement, the instrument proposed is capable to roughly localize GRBs which occur in the Lobster FOV (162x22.5 degrees) and to significantly extend the scientific capabilities of the main instrument for the study of GRBs and X-ray transients. The combination of the two instruments will allow an unprecedented spectral coverage (from 0.1 up to 300/700 keV) for a sensitive study of the GRB prompt emission in the passband where GRBs and X-Ray Flashes emit most of their energy. The low-energy spectral band (0.1-10 keV) is of key importance for the study of the GRB environment and the search of transient absorption and emission features from GRBs, both goals being crucial for unveiling the GRB phenomenon. The entire energy band of Lobster-ISS is not covered by either the Swift satellite or other GRB missions foreseen in the next decade.

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arXiv2006

Physics of the GRB 030328 afterglow and its environment

We report on the photometric, spectroscopic and polarimetric, monitoring of the optical afterglow of Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 030328 detected by HETE-2. Photometry, collected at 7 different telescopes, shows that a smoothly broken powerlaw decay, with indices alpha_1 = 0.76 +/- 0.03, alpha_2 = 1.50 +/- 0.07 and a break at t_b = 0.48 +/- 0.03 days after the GRB, provides the best fit of the optical afterglow decline. This shape is interpreted as due to collimated emission, for which we determine a jet opening angle theta_{jet} of about 3.2 degrees. An achromatic bump starting around 0.2 d after the GRB is possibly marginally detected in the optical light curves. Optical spectroscopy shows the presence of two rest-frame ultraviolet metal absorption systems at z = 1.5216 +/- 0.0006 and at z = 1.295 +/- 0.001, the former likely associated with the GRB host galaxy. Analysis of the absorption lines at z = 1.5216 suggests that the host of this GRB may be a Damped Lyman-alpha Absorber. The optical V-band afterglow appears polarized, with P= (2.4 +/- 0.6) % and theta = (170 +/- 7) degrees, suggesting an asymmetric blastwave expansion. An X-ray-to-optical spectral flux distribution of the GRB 030328 afterglow was obtained at 0.78 days after the GRB and fitted using a broken powerlaw, with an optical spectral slope beta_{opt} = 0.47 +/- 0.15, and an X-ray slope beta_{X} = 1.0 +/- 0.2. The discussion of these results in the context of the "fireball model" shows that the preferred scenario for this afterglow is collimated structured jet with fixed opening angle in a homogeneous medium.

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arXiv2006

M-type giants as optical counterparts of X-ray sources 4U 1700+24 and 4U 1954+319

We observed with Chandra two peculiar galactic X-ray sources, 4U 1700+24 and 4U 1954+319, which are suspected to have a M-type giant star as optical counterpart, in order to get an high-precision astrometric position for both of them. The peculiarity of these sources lies in the fact that these are the only two cases among low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), besides the confirmed case of GX 1+4, for which the companion can possibly be a M-type giant. We found that in both cases the field M-type giant star is indeed the counterpart of these X-ray sources. We also determined the distance to 4U 1954+319 to be about 1.7 kpc. This result suggests that a number of faint (L_X around 10^32-10^34 erg s-1) Galactic X-ray sources are `symbiotic X-ray binaries', that is, wide-orbit LMXBs composed of a compact object, most likely a neutron star, accreting from the wind of a M-type giant.

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arXiv2005

The BeppoSAX view on the galactic high-mass X-ray binary 4U 0114+65

A pointed observation on the galactic high-mass X-ray binary 4U 0114+65 was carried out with BeppoSAX in order to compare the X-ray spectral and timing characteristics observed by this satellite over the broadest range of energies ever (1.5-100 keV) with the information previously obtained with other spacecraft. The light curve of 4U 0114+65 shows a large flare at the beginning of the BeppoSAX pointing and no significant hardness evolution either during the flare or in the low state occurring after the flare itself. The modulation at about 2.7 hours, attributed to the accreting neutron star (NS) spin periodicity, is not significantly detected in our data, although fluctuations with timescales of about 3 hours can be seen in the 2-10 keV light curve. Shorter modulations down to timescales of minutes, are also found and interpreted as due to accretion of matter onto the NS. The flaring and the low state spectra of 4U 0114+65 can be equally well fitted either with a power law modulated by a high-energy exponential cutoff or with a Comptonization model. During the low state the presence, although tentative, of a thermal component (with kT around 0.3 keV) at low energies, possibly produced by an ionized plasma cloud around the NS, cannot be excluded. Contrary to previous claims, a cyclotron resonant feature in absorption at about 22 keV was not detected in the BeppoSAX spectroscopic data, whereas evidence for a Fe emission line around 6.4 keV is found only during the low state emission. Using all of the above information, a scenario for the system in which the NS is embedded in, and accreting from, a low angular momentum gas cloud is envisaged.

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arXiv2005

Swift XRT Observations of the Breaking X-ray Afterglow of GRB 050318

We report the results of Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT) observations of GRB 050318. This event triggered the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) aboard Swift and was followed-up with XRT and UVOT for 11 consecutive orbits starting from 54 minutes after the trigger. A previously unknown fading X-ray source was detected and accurately monitored. The source was found to decrease in intensity with time and a clear temporal break occurring at ~18000 s after the trigger was observed. The X-ray light curve was found to be consistent with a broken power-law with decay indices -1.17 +/- 0.08 and -2.10 (+0.22) (-0.24) before and after the break. The spectrum of the X-ray afterglow was well described by a photoelectrically absorbed power-law with energy index of -1.09 +/-0.09. No evidence of spectral evolution was found. We compare these results with those obtained with UVOT and separately reported and refine the data analysis of BAT. We discuss our results in the framework of a collimated fireball model and a synchrotron radiation emission mechanism. Assuming the GRB redshift derived from the farthest optical absorption complex (z = 1.44), the event is fully consistent with the E_p-E_iso correlation.

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arXiv2005

The BeppoSAX catalog of GRB X-ray afterglow observations

We present the X-ray afterglow catalog of BeppoSAX from the launch of the satellite to the end of the mission. Thirty-three X-ray afterglows were securely identified based on their fading behavior out of 39 observations. We have extracted the continuum parameters (decay index, spectral index, flux, absorption) for all available afterglows. We point out a possible correlation between the X-ray afterglow luminosity and the energy emitted during the prompt $γ$-ray event. We do not detect a significant jet signature within the afterglows, implying a lower limit on the beaming angle, neither a standard energy release when X-ray fluxes are corrected for beaming. Our data support the hypothesis that the burst should be surrounded by an interstellar medium rather than a wind environment, and that this environment should be dense. This may be explained by a termination shock located near the burst progenitor. We finally point out that some dark bursts may be explained by an intrinsic faintness of the event, while others may be strongly absorbed.

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arXiv2005

The GRB Variability/Peak Luminosity Correlation: new results

We report test results of the correlation between time variability and peak luminosity of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), using a larger sample (32) of GRBs with known redshift than that available to Reichart et al. (2001), and using as variability measure that introduced by these authors. The results are puzzling. Assuming an isotropic-equivalent peak luminosity, as done by Reichart et al. (2001), a correlation is still found, but it is less relevant, and inconsistent with a power law as previously reported. Assuming as peak luminosity that corrected for GRB beaming for a subset of 16 GRBs with known beaming angle, the correlation becomes little less significant.

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arXiv2005

A Gamma-Ray Burst Mission to Investigate the Properties of Dark Energy

[Abridged] Very recently, relations between the peak energy of Gamma-Ray Burst burst spectra, the isotropic-equivalent energy of the burst, and the radiated energy of the burst have been found. In a way that is exactly analogous to the way in which the relation between the peak luminosity and the rate of decline of the light curve of Type Ia supernovae can be used to make Type Ia supernovae excellent standard candles for cosmology, so too, the relations between Epk, Eiso, and Egamma point toward a methodology for using GRBs as excellent standard candles for cosmology. In addition, GRBs occur over the broad redshift range from z=0.1 to at least z=4.5, and both they and their afterglows are easily detectable out to z > 8. Thus GRBs show great promise as cosmological ``yardsticks'' to measure the rate of expansion of the universe over time, and therefore the properties of dark energy (i.e., Omega_M, Omega_Lambda, w_0, and w_a). We describe a concept for a possible MIDEX-class mission dedicated to using GRBs to constrain the properties of dark energy that would obtain these quantities for > 800 bursts in the redshift range 0.1 >~ z <~ 10 during a 2-year mission. This burst sample would enable both Omega_M and w_0 to be determined to +/- 0.07 and +/- 0.06 (68% CL), respectively, and w_a to be significantly constrained.

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arXiv2005

Exploring the Hard X-/soft gamma-ray Continuum Spectra with Laue Lenses

The history of X-ray astronomy has shown that any advancement in our knowledge of the X-ray sky is strictly related to an increase in instrument sensitivity. At energies above 60 keV, there are interesting prospects for greatly improving the limiting sensitivity of the current generation of direct viewing telescopes (with or without coded masks), offered by the use of Laue lenses. We will discuss below the development status of a Hard X-Ray focusing Telescope (HAXTEL) based on Laue lenses with a broad bandpass (from 60 to 600 keV) for the study of the X-ray continuum of celestial sources. We show two examplesof multi-lens configurations with expected sensitivity orders of magnitude better ($\sim 1 \times 10^{-8}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ keV$^{-1}$ at 200 keV) than that achieved so far. With this unprecedented sensitivity, very exciting astrophysical prospects are opened.

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arXiv2005

The puzzling case of GRB 990123: prompt emission and broad-band afterglow modeling

We report on BeppoSAX simultaneous X- and gamma-ray observations of the bright GRB 990123. We present the broad-band spectrum of the prompt emission, including optical, X- and gamma-rays, confirming the suggestion that the emission mechanisms at low and high frequencies must have different physical origins. In the framework of the standard fireball model, we discuss the X-ray afterglow observed by the NFIs and its hard X-ray emission up to 60 keV several hours after the burst, detected for about 20 ks by the PDS. Considering the 2-10 keV and optical light curves, the 0.1-60 keV spectrum during the 20 ks in which the PDS signal was present and the 8.46 GHz upper limits, we find that the multi-wavelength observations cannot be readily accommodated by basic afterglow models. While the temporal and spectral behavior of the optical afterglow is possibly explained by a synchrotron cooling frequency between the optical and the X-ray energy band during the NFIs observations, in X-rays this assumption only accounts for the slope of the 2-10 keV light curve, but not for the flatness of the 0.1-60 keV spectrum. Including the contribution of Inverse Compton (IC) scattering, we solve the problem of the flat X-ray spectrum and justify the hard X-ray emission; we suggest that the lack of a significant detection of 15-60 keV emission in the following 75 ks and last 70 ks spectra, should be related to poorer statistics rather than to an important suppression of IC contribution. However, considering also the radio band data, we find the 8.46 GHz upper limits violated. On the other hand, leaving unchanged the emission mechanism requires modifying the hydrodynamics by invoking an ambient medium whose density rises rapidly with radius and by having the shock losing energy. Thus we are left with an open puzzle which requires further inspection.

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arXiv2005

The GRB of 1999 January 23: prompt emission and broad-band afterglow modeling

We report on BeppoSAX simultaneous X- and gamma-ray observations of the bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) 990123. We present the broad-band spectrum of the prompt emission, including optical, X- and gamma-rays, confirming the suggestion that the emission mechanisms at low and high frequencies must have different physical origins. We discuss the X-ray afterglow observed by the Narrow Field Instruments (NFIs) on board BeppoSAX and its hard X-ray emission up to 60 keV several hours after the burst, in the framework of the standard fireball model. The effects of including an important contribution of Inverse Compton scattering or modifying the hydrodynamics are studied.

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arXiv2005

GRB990123: multiwavelength afterglow study

We report on the BeppoSAX and multiwavelength data analysis of the afterglow of Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 990123. Mainly due to its exceptional brightness, this is the only source for which the Wide Field Cameras have allowed an early detection of the X-ray afterglow between about 20 and 60 min after the GRB trigger. Besides, again for the first time, high-energy emission from the afterglow was detected up to 60 keV. The backwards extrapolation of the afterglow decay smoothly reconnects with the late GRB emission, thus indicating that both are consistent with being produced by the same phenomenon. For the X-ray afterglow we found a power-law decay with index alpha_X = 1.46 +/- 0.04; the spectrum has a power-law shape with photon index Gamma about 2. An extensive set of multiwavelength observations on the afterglow, collected from the literature and made during the BeppoSAX pointing, allowed constructing a Spectral Flux Distribution. We performed an analysis of the GRB afterglow emission in the context of the "fireball" model.

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arXiv2005

The puzzling case of GRB 990123: multiwavelength afterglow study

We report on the BeppoSAX data analysis of the afterglow of Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 990123, one of the brightest GRBs detected by BeppoSAX. Mainly due to its exceptional brightness, this is the only source for which the Wide Field Cameras have allowed an early detection of the X-ray afterglow between about 20 and 60 min after the GRB trigger. Besides, again for the first time, high-energy emission from the afterglow was detected up to 60 keV. For the X-ray afterglow we found a power-law decay with index alpha = 1.46 +/- 0.04; the spectrum has a power-law shape with photon index Gamma about 1.9. The backward extrapolation of the afterglow decay smoothly reconnects with the late GRB emission, thus suggesting that both emissions are produced by the same phenomenon. An extensive set of multiwavelength observations for the GRB 990123 afterglow made during the BeppoSAX pointing was collected from the literature. The hard X-ray to radio range coverage allowed to construct a spectral flux distribution and to perform an analysis of the GRB afterglow in the context of the "fireball" model. We also report the results of temporal and spectral analysis of an X-ray source serendipitously observed about 22 arcmin north of the GRB afterglow, along with the optical spectroscopy of its possible counterpart to establish the nature of this source.

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