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L. Feretti

Publications and source records attributed to L. Feretti.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

Resolving the Steep Spectrum Emission in the Central Radio Source in ZwCl 0735.7+7421

It has long been know that an extremely steep spectrum radio source lies at the center of ZwCl 0735.7+7421, a galaxy cluster with high X-ray luminosity and a cooling core. In this Letter, we present VLA observations of this radio source at both 1425 and 325 MHz. With a resolution below 21'' (75 kpc) for both 1425 and 325 MHz, we show the morphology of the central source, and find that it is most likely a large (400 kpc) radio galaxy rather than diffuse cluster emission. We estimate a steep spectral index of $α_{325}^{1400} = -1.54$ for the core (although it may be contaminated by lobe emission), while the outer lobes are extremely steep objects, both with $α_{325}^{1400} < -3.1$. We also find evidence for restarted core activity in the form of a set of inner lobes oriented at a somewhat different angle from the outer lobes. A spectral analysis extending the frequency range down to 74 MHz appears to show a turnover at very low frequencies. Comparison of the minimum energy radio pressures with the average thermal pressure surrounding the radio cavities from McNamara et al.(2005) shows that the radio lobes appear to be roughly in pressure balance with the thermal gas.

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Radio Relics in Clusters of Galaxies

In this paper we review the observational results on Relic radio sources in clusters of galaxies. We discuss their observational properties, structures and radio spectra. We will show that Relics can be divided according to their size, morphology, and location in the galaxy cluster. These differences could be related to physical properties of Relic sources. The comparison with cluster conditions suggests that Relics could be related to shock waves originated by cluster mergers.

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Properties and Spectral Behaviour of Cluster Radio Halos

Several arguments have been presented in the literature to support the connection between radio halos and cluster mergers. The spectral index distributions of the halos in A665 and A2163 provide a new strong confirmation of this connection, i.e. of the fact that the cluster merger plays an important role in the energy supply to the radio halos. Features of the spectral index (flattening and patches) are indication of a complex shape of the radiating electron spectrum, and are therefore in support of electron reacceleration models. Regions of flatter spectrum are found to be related to the recent merger. In the undisturbed cluster regions, instead, the spectrum steepens with the distance from the cluster center.The plot of the integrated spectral index of a sample of halos versus the cluster temperature indicates that clusters at higher temperature tend to host halos with flatter spectra. This correlation provides further evidence of the connection between radio emission and cluster mergers.

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The Bologna Complete Sample of Nearby Radio Sources

We present a new, complete, sample of 95 radio sources selected from the B2 and 3CR catalogues, with z < 0.1. Since no selection effect on the core radio power, jet velocity, or source orientation is present, this sample is well suited for statistical studies. In this first paper we present the observational status of all sources on the parsec (mas) and kiloparsec (arcsec) scale; we give new parsec-scale data for 28 sources and discuss their parsec-scale properties. Combining these data with those in the literature, information on the parsec-scale morphology is available for a total of 53 radio sources with different radio power and kpc-scale morphology. We investigate their properties. We find a dramatically higher fraction of two-sided sources in comparison to previous flux limited VLBI surveys.

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Magnetic fields in Clusters of Galaxies

An important area of study of cosmic magnetic fields is on the largest scales, those of clusters of galaxies. In the last decade it has become clear that the intra-cluster medium (ICM) in clusters of galaxies is magnetized and that magnetic fields play a critical role in the cluster formation and evolution. The observational evidence for the existence of cluster magnetic fields is obtained by the diffuse cluster-wide synchrotron radio emission and from rotation measure (RM) studies of extragalactic radio sources located within or behind the clusters. A significant breakthrough in the knowledge of the cluster magnetic fields will be reached through the SKA, owing to its capabilities, in particular the deep sensitivity and the polarization purity.

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Diffuse radio emission from the Intracluster medium

An important aspect of the radio emission from galaxy clusters is represented by the diffuse radio sources associated with the intracluster medium: radio halos, relics and mini-halos. The radio halos and relics are indicators of cluster mergers, whereas mini-halos are detected at the center of cooling core clusters. SKA will dramatically improve the knowledge of these sources, thanks to the detection of new objects, and to detailed studies of their spectra and polarized emission. SKA will also provide the opportunity to investigate the presence of halos produced by radiation scattered by a powerful radio galaxy at the cluster centers.

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The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Magnetism

Magnetism is one of the four fundamental forces. However, the origin of magnetic fields in stars, galaxies and clusters is an open problem in astrophysics and fundamental physics. When and how were the first fields generated? Are present-day magnetic fields a result of dynamo action, or do they represent persistent primordial magnetism? What role do magnetic fields play in turbulence, cosmic ray acceleration and galaxy formation? Here we demonstrate how the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) can deliver new data which will directly address these currently unanswered issues. Much of what we present is based on an all-sky survey of rotation measures, in which Faraday rotation towards >10^7 background sources will provide a dense grid for probing magnetism in the Milky Way, in nearby galaxies, and in distant galaxies, clusters and protogalaxies. Using these data, we can map out the evolution of magnetised structures from redshifts z>3 to the present, can distinguish between different origins for seed magnetic fields in galaxies, and can develop a detailed model of the magnetic field geometry of the intergalactic medium and of the overall Universe. With the unprecedented capabilities of the SKA, the window to the Magnetic Universe can finally be opened.

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Magnetic Fields and Faraday Rotation in Clusters of Galaxies

We present a numerical approach to investigate the relationship between magnetic fields and Faraday rotation effects in clusters of galaxies. We can infer the structure and strength of intra-cluster magnetic fields by comparing our simulations with the observed polarization properties of extended cluster radio sources such as radio galaxies and halos. We find the observations require a magnetic field which fluctuates over a wide range of spatial scales (at least one order of magnitude). If several polarized radio sources are located at different projected positions in a galaxy cluster, as is the case for A119, detailed Faraday rotation images allow us to constrain both the magnetic field strength and the slope of the power spectrum. Our results show that the standard analytic expressions applied in the literature overestimate the cluster magnetic field strengths by a factor of about 2. We investigate the possible effects of our models on beam depolarization of radio sources whose radiation traverses the magnetized intracluster medium. Finally, we point out that radio halos may provide important information about the spatial power spectrum of the magnetic field fluctuations on large scales. In particular, different values of the index of the power spectrum produce very different total intensity and polarization brightness distributions.

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A new sample of large angular size radio galaxies. III. Statistics and evolution of the grown population

We present in this paper a detailed study of a new sample of large angular size FR I and FR II radio galaxies and compare the properties of the two classes. As expected, a pure morphology based distinction of FR Is and FR IIs corresponds to a break in total radio power. The radio cores in FR Is are also weaker than in FR IIs, although there is not a well defined break power. We find that asymmetry in the structure of the sample members must be the consequence of anisotropies in the medium where the lobes expand, with orientation playing a minor role. Moreover, literature data and our observations at kiloparsec scales suggest that the large differences between the structures of FR I and FR II radio galaxies must arise from the poorly known central kiloparsec region of their host galaxies. We analyze the sub-sample of giant radio galaxies, and do not find evidence that these large objects require higher core powers. Our results are consistent with giant radio galaxies being the older population of normal FR I and FR II objects evolving in low density environments. Comparing results from our sample with predictions from the radio luminosity function we find no evidence of a possible FR II to FR I evolution. Moreover, we conclude that at z~0.1, one out of four FR II radio sources has a linear size above 500 kpc, thus being in an advanced stage of evolution (for example, older than ~10 Myr assuming a jet-head velocity of 0.1c). Radio activity seems to be a short-lived process in active galaxies, although in some cases recurrent: five objects in our sample present signs of reactivation in their radio structures.

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Spectral index maps of the radio halos in Abell 665 and Abell 2163

New radio data at 330 MHz are presented for the rich clusters Abell 665 and Abell 2163, whose radio emission is characterized by the presence of a radio halo. These images allowed us to derive the spectral properties of the two clusters under study. The integrated spectra of these halos between 0.3 GHz and 1.4 GHz are moderately steep: alfa(0.3-1.4) = 1.04 and = 1.18, for A665 and A2163, respectively. The spectral index maps, produced with an angular resolution of the order of 1 arcmin, show features of the spectral index (flattening and patches), which are indication of a complex shape of the radiating electron spectrum, and are therefore in support of electron reacceleration models. Regions of flatter spectrum are found to be related to the recent merger activity in these clusters. This is the first strong confirmation that the cluster merger supplies energy to the radio halo. In the undisturbed cluster regions, the spectrum steepens with the distance from the cluster center. This is interpreted as the result of the combination of the magnetic field profile with the spatial distribution of the reacceleration efficiency, thus allowing us to set constraints on the radial profile of the cluster magnetic field.

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Chandra Temperature Maps for Galaxy Clusters with Radio Halos

We analyze Chandra temperature maps for a sample of clusters with high quality radio halo data, to study the origin of the radio halos. The sample includes A520, A665, A754, A773, A1914, A2163, A2218, A2319, and 1E0657-56. We present new temperature maps for all but two of them (A520 and A754). All these clusters exhibit distorted X-ray morphology and strong gas temperature variations indicating ongoing mergers. Some clusters, e.g., A520, A665, 1E0657-56, exhibit the previously reported spatial correlation between the radio halo brightness and the hot gas regions. However, it is not a general feature. While most mergers are too messy to allow us to disentangle the projection effects, we find clear counterexamples (e.g., A754 and A773) where the hottest gas regions do not exhibit radio emission at the present sensitivity level. This cannot be explained by projection effects, and therefore argues against merger shocks -- at least those relatively weak ones responsible for the observed temperature structure in most clusters -- as the main mechanism for the halo generation. This leaves merger-generated turbulence as a more likely mechanism. The two clusters with the clearest radio brightness - temperature correlation, A520 and 1E0657-56, are both mergers in which a small dense subcluster has just passed through the main cluster, very likely generating turbulence in its wake. The maximum radio brightness and the hot gas are both seen in these wake regions. On the other hand, the halos in 1E0657-56 and A665 (both high-velocity mergers) extend into the shock regions in front of the subclusters, where no strong turbulence is expected. Thus, in high-velocity (M=2-3) mergers, both shock and turbulence acceleration mechanisms may be significant.

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Internal dynamics of the radio--halo cluster A2219: a multi-wavelength analysis

We present the results of the dynamical analysis of the rich, hot, and X-ray very luminous galaxy cluster A2219, containing a powerful diffuse radio-halo. Our analysis is based on new redshift data for 27 galaxies in the cluster region, measured from spectra obtained at the TNG, with the addition of other 105 galaxies recovered from reduction of CFHT archive data in a cluster region of about 5 arcmin radius (about 0.8 Mpc h^-1 at the cluster distance) centered on the cD galaxy. The investigation of the dynamical status is also performed by using X-ray data stored in the Chandra archive. Further, valuable information comes from other bands - optical photometric, infrared, and radio data - which are analyzed and/or discussed, too. Our analyses support the view of the connection between extended radio emission and merging phenomena in galaxy clusters.

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Parsec Scale Properties of Markarian 501

We present the results of a high angular resolution study of the BL Lac object Markarian 501 in the radio band. We consider data taken at 14 different epochs, ranging between 1.6 GHz and 22 GHz in frequency, and including new Space VLBI observations obtained on 2001 March 5 and 6 at 1.6 and 5 GHz. We study the kinematics of the parsec-scale jet and estimate its bulk velocity and orientation with respect to the line of sight. Limb brightened structure in the jet is clearly visible in our data and we discuss its possible origin in terms of velocity gradients in the jet. Quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength observations allow us to map the spectral index distribution and to compare it to the jet morphology. Finally, we estimate the physical parameters of the parsec-scale jet.

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A multi-wavelength test of the FR~I - BL Lac unifying model

We collect multi-wavelength measurements of the nuclear emission of 20 low luminosity FR I radio-galaxies to test the viability of the FR I - BL Lac unifying model. Although poorly sampled, the Spectral Energy Distributions (SED) of FR Is are consistent with the double peaked shape characteristic of BL Lacs. Furthermore while the distribution of the FR Is in the broad-band spectral index planes shows essentially no overlap with the regions where HBL and LBL are located, this can be simply due to the effects of relativistic beaming. More quantitatively, deriving the beaming Doppler factor of a given radio-galaxy from its X-ray luminosity ratio with respect to BL Lacs with similar extended radio luminosity, we find that i) the luminosity in all bands, ii) the value of the spectral indices, iii) the slope of the X-ray spectrum, iv) the overall SED shape, may be all simultaneously reproduced. However, the corresponding jet bulk Lorentz factors are significantly smaller than those derived for BL Lacs from other observational and theoretical considerations. This suggests to consider a simple variant of the unification scheme that allows for the presence of a velocity structure in the jet.

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Deep images of cluster radio halos

New radio data are presented for the clusters A401, A545, A754, A1914, A2219 and A2390, where the presence of diffuse radio emission was suggested from the images of the NRAO VLA Sky Survey. Sensitive images of these clusters, obtained with the Very Large Array (VLA)at 20 cm confirm the existence of the diffuse sources and allow us to derive their fluxes and intrinsic parameters.The correlation between the halo radio power and cluster X-ray luminosity is derived for a large sample of halo clusters, and is briefly discussed.

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Hard X-ray and radio observations of Abell 754

We present a long BeppoSAX observation of Abell 754 that reports a nonthermal excess with respect to the thermal emission at energies greater than ~45 keV. A VLA radio observation at 1.4 GHz definitely confirms the existence of diffuse radio emission in the central region of the cluster, previously suggested by images at 74 and 330 MHz (Kassim et al 2001), and reports additional features. Besides, our observation determines a steeper radio halo spectrum in the 330-1400 MHz frequency range with respect to the spectrum detected at lower frequencies, indicating the presence of a spectral cutoff. The presence of a radio halo in A754, considered the prototype of a merging cluster, reinforces the link between formation of Mpc-scale radio regions and very recent or current merger processes. The radio results combined with the hard X-ray excess detected by BeppoSAX give information on the origin of the electron population responsible for nonthermal phenomena in galaxy clusters. We discuss also the possibility that 26W20, a tailed radio galaxy with BL Lac characteristics located in the field of view of the PDS, could be responsible for the observed nonthermal hard X-ray emission.

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Magnetic Fields in Clusters of Galaxies Obtained Through the Study of Faraday Rotation Measures

We are developing a new approach to investigate cluster magnetic field strengths and structures. It is based on the comparison of simulated Rotation Measure and radio halo images, obtained from 3-dimensional multi-scale cluster magnetic fields models, with observations. This approach is applied to A2255 in which wide diffuse radio emissions and Rotation Measure images show the evidence of cluster magnetic fields on both large and small scales.

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High Energy Results from BeppoSAX

We review all the BeppoSAX results relative to the search for additional nonthermal components in the spectra of clusters of galaxies. In particular, our MECS data analysis of A2199 does not confirm the presence of the nonthermal excess reported by Kaastra et al. (1999). A new observation of A2256 seems to indicate quite definitely that the nonthermal fluxes detected in Coma and A2256 are due to a diffuse nonthermal mechanism involving the intracluster medium. We report marginal evidence (~3σ) for a nonthermal excess in A754 and A119, but the presence of point sources in the field of view of the PDS makes unlikely a diffuse interpretation.

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