arXiv subjects

L. Peña-Moñino

Publications and source records attributed to L. Peña-Moñino.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Radio emission from star-planet interactions

Stars interact with their exoplanets though gravity, radiation, plasma and magnetic fields. Stellar plasma and magnetic fields impose electrodynamic effects on exoplanet atmospheres and interiors that include heating, aurorae and atmospheric mass loss. The planets in turn can excite Alfvénic disturbances that are dissipated on the star leading to chromospheric heating and flares. This interaction, broadly called magnetic star-planet interaction (M-SPI), can also generate radio signatures both from the star and the exoplanet. The radio emission encodes information on the dynamics/energetics of the interaction, the magnetic field strength and topology of the emitter and the orbital/rotational geometry of the system -- information that is difficult or in some cases implausible to obtain by other means. Yet we do not have a conclusive detection of M-SPI in the radio band primarily due to sensitivity limitations and scarce observing time spent monitoring promising targets. Here we describe the scientific motivation to study M-SPI in exoplanetary systems, to get progress in understanding its predicted signal strength and phenomenology. We argue that the SKA telescopes can make a transformative contribution to exoplanet science by detecting M-SPI in the radio band but this will require substantial observing time -- similar to that afforded to successful optical-band searches for M-SPI signatures.

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arXiv2026

Star-Planet Interactions: Observational Techniques and Methods

This chapter summarizes the techniques and methods used to study star-planet interaction (SPI) from the observational point of view. SPI can produce a wide range of observational signatures, from localized stellar activity enhancements to changes in planetary atmospheric escape and transmission spectra. This chapter reviews the main observational techniques used to detect and characterize SPI, emphasizing the methodological challenges involved in separating planet-induced signals from intrinsic stellar variability. We discuss radial-velocity diagnostics, including cross-correlation, template matching, line-by-line methods, and activity indicators, highlighting their sensitivity to line-profile distortions and chromatic variability. We then review precision photometry as a tool to search for orbit-locked variability, flare modulation, and active-region occultations during planetary transits. Chromospheric diagnostics, including Ca II, Halpha, He I, and Na II lines, are presented as tracers of magnetic variability at different atmospheric heights and as potential probes of intermittent SPI signatures. We also discuss transmission spectroscopy as a complementary approach, since planetary atmospheric tracers such as H I Lyalpha, Balmer lines, C II, and He I can encode information about the stellar high-energy environment, stellar wind, and magnetic coupling. In addition, radio observations provide a promising avenue to probe magnetic SPI directly through coherent emission mechanisms. Finally, we examine time-series analysis techniques commonly employed in SPI searches, including generalized Lomb-Scargle periodograms, rolling periodograms, harmonic analyses, and bootstrap-based significance estimation. (abridged)

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arXiv2026

Constraining an exoplanets magnetic field using star-planet interactions

Theory predicts that a planet with a sufficiently strong magnetic field orbiting close to its host star could induce star-planet magnetic interactions. This is potentially observable as an optical or radio signal synchronised with the orbital period. We analyze 18 years of high-resolution optical spectroscopy of GJ 436, a low mass star orbited by a Neptune-sized exoplanet in a polar eccentric orbit. Stellar activity indicators show enhancements at a period corresponding to the exoplanet orbit, modulated by stellar rotation, and the star's 8-year magnetic cycle. We interpret this as a signal of star-planet magnetic interaction. Using a geometric model, we reproduce these periods if GJ 436 b has a magnetic field strength of 6 to 110 Gauss.

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arXiv2025

Main-oval auroral emission from a T6 brown dwarf: observations, modeling, and astrometry

From a series of 5 GHz VLBA radio observations taken over 1-yr span, we present the detection of compact highly-polarized radio emission from the T6 brown dwarf WISE J112254.72+255022.2 compatible with electron cyclotron maser emission. Both the total and polarized lightcurves show variability in correspondence with a rotation period of 1.95+/-0.03 hr. Comparison with models indicates that the quasi-steady radio emission of this brown dwarf is produced in circumpolar auroral rings, with remarkable similarity to the main-oval auroras in Jupiter. We have detected a large 100% polarized flare in one of the VLBA epochs (2022.82) which may imply the existence of active longitudes in the auroral rings with a non-axisymmetric beaming cone radiation pattern, similar to the dusk/dawn asymmetries seen in the Jovian radio emissions. We also present a high-precision astrometric analysis of the sky motion of WISE J112254.72+255022.2, resulting in revised values of proper motion and parallax with an improvement in precision of one order of magnitude. The common kinematics of WISE J112254.72+255022.2 with its wide companion, the M-dwarf LHS 302, is confirmed with submilliarcsecond precision, suggesting that this brown dwarf may have formed by gravitational fragmentation of the outer part of a protostellar disc around LHS 302. The astrometric analysis imposes very tight bounds to the presence of low-mass companions around WISE J112254.72+255022.2, ruling out objects more massive than Saturn. Our results strengthen the analogy between radio emitting brown dwarfs and the magnetized planets of our solar system.

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arXiv2024

Searching for star-planet interactions in GJ 486 at radio wavelengths with the uGMRT

We search for radio emission from star-planet interactions in the M-dwarf system GJ~486, which hosts an Earth-like planet. We observed the GJ~486 system with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) from 550 to 750 MHz in nine different epochs, between October 2021 and February 2022, covering almost all orbital phases of GJ~486 b from different orbital cycles. We obtained radio images and dynamic spectra of the total and circularly polarized intensity for each individual epoch We do not detect any quiescent radio emission in any epoch above 3$σ$. Similarly, we do not detect any bursty emission in our dynamic spectra. While we cannot completely rule out that the absence of a radio detection is due to time variability of the radio emission, or to the maximum electron-cyclotron maser emission being below our observing range, this seems unlikely. We discuss two possible scenarios: an intrinsic dim radio signal, or alternatively, that the anisotropic beamed emission pointed away from the observer. If the non-detection of radio emission from star-planet interaction in GJ~486 is due to an intrinsically dim signal, this implies that, independently of whether the planet is magnetized or not, the mass-loss rate is small (\dot{M}_\star $\lesssim$ 0.3 \dot{M}_\sun) and that, concomitantly, the efficiency of the conversion of Poynting flux into radio emission must be low ($β\lesssim 10^{-3}$). Free-free absorption effects are negligible, given the high value of the coronal temperature. Finally, if the anisotropic beaming pointed away from us, this would imply that GJ~486 has very low values of its magnetic obliquity and inclination.

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arXiv2024

TOI-4438 b: a transiting mini-Neptune amenable to atmospheric characterization

We report the confirmation and mass determination of a mini-Neptune transiting the M3.5 V star TOI-4438 (G 182-34) every 7.44 days. A transit signal was detected with NASA's TESS space mission in the sectors 40, 52, and 53. In order to validate the planet TOI-4438 b and to determine the system properties, we combined TESS data with high-precision radial velocity measurements from the CARMENES spectrograph, spanning almost one year, and ground-based transit photometry. We found that TOI-4438 b has a radius of Rb = 2.52 +/- 0.13 R_Earth (5% precision), which together with a mass of Mb=5.4 +/- 1.1 M_Earth (20% precision), results in a bulk density of rho = 1.85+0.51-0.44 g cm-3 (28% precision), aligning the discovery with a volatile-rich planet. Our interior structure retrieval with a pure water envelope yields a minimum water mass fraction of 46% (1-sigma). TOI-4438 b is a volatile-rich mini-Neptune with likely H/He mixed with molecules, such as water, CO_2, and CH_4. The primary star has a J-band magnitude of 9.7, and the planet has a high transmission spectroscopy metric (TSM) of 136 +/- 13. Taking into account the relatively warm equilibrium temperature of T_eq = 435 +/- 15 K, and the low activity level of its host star, TOI-4438 b is one of the most promising mini-Neptunes around an M dwarf for transmission spectroscopy studies.

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arXiv2024

Wolf 327b: A new member of the pack of ultra-short-period super-Earths around M dwarfs

Planets with orbital periods shorter than 1 day are rare and have formation histories that are not completely understood. Small ($R_\mathrm{p} < 2\; R_\oplus$) ultra-short-period (USP) planets are highly irradiated, probably have rocky compositions with high bulk densities, and are often found in multi-planet systems. Additionally, USP planets found around small stars are excellent candidates for characterization using present-day instrumentation. Of the current full sample of approximately 5500 confirmed exoplanets, only 130 are USP planets and around 40 have mass and radius measurements. Wolf 327 (TOI-5747) is an M dwarf ($R_\star = 0.406 \pm 0.015 \; R_\odot$, $M_\star = 0.405 \pm 0.019 \; M_\odot$, $T_{\mathrm{eff}}=3542 \pm 70$ K, and $V = 13$ mag) located at a distance $d = 28.5$ pc. NASA's planet hunter satellite, TESS, detected transits in this star with a period of 0.573 d (13.7 h) and with a transit depth of 818 ppm. Ground-based follow-up photometry, high resolution imaging, and radial velocity (RV) measurements taken with the CARMENES spectrograph confirm the presence of this new USP planet. Wolf 327b is a super-Earth with a radius of $R_\mathrm{p} = 1.24 \pm 0.06 \; R_\oplus$ and a mass of $M_\mathrm{p} = 2.53 \pm 0.46 \; M_\oplus$, yielding a bulk density of $7.24 \pm 1.66 $\,g cm$^{-3}$ and thus suggesting a rocky composition. Owing to its close proximity to its host star ($a = 0.01$ au), Wolf 327b has an equilibrium temperature of $996 \pm 22$ K. This planet has a mass and radius similar to K2-229b, a planet with an inferred Mercury-like internal composition. Planet interior models suggest that Wolf 327b has a large iron core, a small rocky mantle, and a negligible (if any) H/He atmosphere.

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arXiv2023

Evidence for a radiation belt around a brown dwarf

Radio observations of ultracool dwarfs, objects comprising brown dwarfs and the very lowest mass stars, have mainly focused on analyzing their light-curve and spectral energy distributions providing valuable insights into their magnetic fields. However, spatially-resolved studies of such magnetospheres have been elusive so far. Radio interferometric observations of the brown dwarf LSR J1835+3259 reveal an extended magnetosphere with a morphology compatible with the presence of a radiation belt, similar to that of Jupiter and Earth, consisting of energetic particles confined via magnetic mirroring. Our finding suggests that radio emitting ultracool dwarfs may behave as scaled up versions of Jupiter, validating the connection between dipole-ordered magnetic fields and the presence of belt-like morphologies and aurorae beyond our Solar System.

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arXiv2023

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A long-period planet around GJ 1151 measured with CARMENES and HARPS-N data

Detecting a planetary companion in a short-period orbit through radio emission from the interaction with its host star is a new prospect in exoplanet science. Recently, a tantalising signal was found close to the low-mass stellar system GJ 1151 using LOFAR observations. We studied spectroscopic time-series data of GJ 1151 in order to search for planetary companions, investigate possible signatures of stellar magnetic activity, and to find possible explanations for the radio signal. We used the combined radial velocities measured from spectra acquired with the CARMENES, HARPS-N, and HPF instruments, extracted activity indices from those spectra in order to mitigate the impact of stellar magnetic activity on the data, and performed a detailed analysis of Gaia astrometry and all available photometric time series coming from the MEarth and ASAS-SN surveys. We found a M$>$10.6 M$_{\oplus}$ companion to GJ 1151 in a 390d orbit at a separation of 0.57 au. Evidence for a second modulation is also present; this could be due to long-term magnetic variability or a second (substellar) companion. The star shows episodes of elevated magnetic activity, one of which could be linked to the observed LOFAR radio emission. We show that it is highly unlikely that the detected GJ 1151 b, or any additional outer companion is the source of the detected signal. We cannot firmly rule out the suggested explanation of an undetected short-period planet that could be related to the radio emission, as we establish an upper limit of 1.2 M$_{\oplus}$ for the minimum mass.

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arXiv2022

Energetic nuclear transients in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies

Energetic nuclear outbursts have been discovered in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) at unexpectedly high rates. To investigate this population of transients, we performed a search in mid-IR data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite and its NEOWISE survey to detect and characterise luminous and smoothly evolving transients in a sample of 215 U/LIRGs. We report three new transients, all with $ΔL > 10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$, in addition to two previously known cases. Their host galaxies are all part of major galaxy mergers, and through radiative transfer model fitting we find that all have a significant contribution from an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We characterised the transients through measurements of their luminosities and resulting energetics, all of which are between 10$^{50.9}$ erg and 10$^{52.2}$ erg. The IR emission of the five transients was found to be consistent with re-radiation by the hot dust of emission at shorter wavelengths, presumably originating from an accretion event, onto the supermassive black hole. The corresponding transient rate of (1.6-4.6)$\times$10$^{-3}$ / yr / galaxy is over an order of magnitude higher than the rate of large amplitude flares shown by AGN in the optical. We suggest that the observed transients are part of a dust-obscured population of tidal disruption events (TDEs) that have remained out of the reach of optical surveys due to the obscuring dust. In one case, this is supported by our radio observations. We also discuss other plausible explanations. The observed rate of events is significantly higher than optical TDE rates, which can be expected in U/LIRG hosts undergoing a major galaxy merger with increased stellar densities in the nuclear regions. Continued searches for such transients and their multi-wavelength follow-up is required to constrain their rate and nature.

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arXiv2022

The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 pc

We report the discovery of a multi-planetary system transiting the M0 V dwarf HD 260655 (GJ 239, TOI-4599). The system consists of at least two transiting planets, namely HD 260655 b, with a period of 2.77 d, a radius of R$_b$ = 1.240$\pm$0.023 R$_\oplus$, a mass of M$_b$ = 2.14$\pm$0.34 M$_\oplus$, and a bulk density of $ρ_b$ = 6.2$\pm$1.0 g cm$^{-3}$, and HD 260655 c, with a period of 5.71 d, a radius of R$_c$ = 1.533$^{+0.051}_{-0.046}$ R$_\oplus$, a mass of M$_c$ = 3.09$\pm$0.48 M$_\oplus$, and a bulk density of $ρ_c$ = 4.7$^{+0.9}_{-0.8}$ g cm$^{-3}$. The planets were detected in transit by the TESS mission and confirmed independently with archival and new precise radial velocities obtained with the HIRES and CARMENES instruments since 1998 and 2016, respectively. At a distance of 10 pc, HD 260655 becomes the fourth closest known multi-transiting planet system after HD 219134, LTT 1445 A, and AU Mic. Due to the apparent brightness of the host star (J = 6.7 mag), both planets are among the most suitable rocky worlds known today for atmospheric studies with the JWST, both in transmission and emission.

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