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L. Ulivi

Publications and source records attributed to L. Ulivi.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

The Quasar Feedback Survey: Ionised Outflows in type 2 QSOs with MUSE data

We study ionised gas properties in a sample of 18 luminous (log L$_{\rm bol}\geq45$ erg/s) obscured QSOs at 0.085<z<0.2 observed with VLT/MUSE as part of the multi-wavelength Quasar Feedback Survey (QFeedS) and with VLA at low- and high-resolution data. We compare the outflow-related quantities with values reported in the literature and investigate possible correlations between the outflows and other properties of the ionised gas such as the electron density. We adopt a non-parametric approach to characterise the ionised gas kinematics, traced by the [O III]5007 emission line, and use $W_{80}$ measured from the unresolved nuclear spectra as a threshold to identify outflow-dominated spaxels. A qualitative comparison between the radio and the $W_{80}$ maps shows that, in general, the peak of the radio coincides with the peak of the $W_{80}$. The [O III]5007 is used as a proxy for the ionised gas mass, and the outflow-related properties are obtained in two different ways: the global, which uses flux-weighted velocities and radii; and the peak, relying on radial profiles. We correct the [O III]5007 flux for extinction using the Balmer decrement. We take advantage of the MUSE sensitivity and use the [Ar IV]4711,4740 doublet, only observable in the integrated r=1.5'' spectra, to measure the electron density in each galaxy. We obtain $500<n_{e}{\rm[ cm^{-3}]}<27700$, leading to 0.03$<\dot{M}_{\rm out}/{\rm (M_{\odot} yr^{-1})}<$4.17 and $39<\dot{E}_{\rm kin}/{\rm [erg/s]}<42$. Our results emphasise the importance of accurate n$_e$ determination, leading to a difference of ~1 dex in the outflow rates and kinetic powers. We observe a positive correlation between $n_e$ and $V_{\rm out}$, interpreted as compression of the gas at higher velocities. This correlation should be further investigated at other luminosity and redshift ranges, but it can inform future outflow simulation studies.

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Dissecting the Obscured Core of GN20: an Active Galactic Nucleus Outshone by Young Stars

We investigate the relative contributions of star formation and AGN activity to the total energy budget of GN20, one of the most luminous dusty star-forming galaxies known at $z>4$, through spatially resolved spectral energy distribution decomposition. We perform Bayesian SED fitting with CIGALE on two spatially distinct apertures: the nuclear core (r=0.14", $\sim$1kpc physical) and the full galaxy (r=1.4", 9.9 kpc), combining JWST/NIRCam and MIRI broadband imaging, JWST/NIRSpec PRISM IFU pseudo-continuum photometry spanning 42 wavelength bins across rest-frame $0.12$--$1.05μ$m, and archival HST and millimeter interferometry data from NOEMA and PdBI. The integrated SED is dominated by stellar-heated dust, with only a marginal AGN contribution at galaxy-wide scales ($f_\mathrm{AGN}^\mathrm{int}=0.09\pm0.02$). The nuclear core, however, requires a significant AGN component ($f_\mathrm{AGN}=0.34\pm0.05$) to account for a mid-infrared excess at rest-frame $\sim$2.5--3.6$μ$m characteristic of AGN-heated torus dust. The AGN accounts for $\sim34\%$ of the nuclear infrared luminosity but only $\sim9\%$ of the total integrated $L_\mathrm{IR}$, explaining its weak signature in integrated diagnostics and its consistency with existing upper limits from Spitzer spectroscopy. The inferred black hole mass places GN20 within the local $M_\mathrm{BH}$--$M_\mathrm{bulge}$ relation at the Eddington limit, and in the overmassive regime at sub-Eddington accretion rates, suggesting early and rapid black hole assembly concurrent with the dominant starburst. GN20 exemplifies a class of systems where nuclear-scale SED decomposition, enabled by the angular resolution and infrared sensitivity of JWST, is the only means to uncover a buried AGN overwhelmed by galaxy-wide star formation.

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GA-NIFS: The interplay between feedback and star formation at 3 < z < 9 probed by JWST/NIRSpec IFU

The study of starburst- and AGN-driven feedback is fundamental for understanding the processes that shape galaxy growth, quench star formation, and drive the co-evolution of galaxies and their central black holes. We present a spatially resolved study of six galaxies at $3 < z < 9$, including starburst- and AGN-dominated systems, observed with JWST/NIRSpec IFU in low- ($R \sim 100$) and high-resolution ($R \sim 2700$) mode. Previous analysis of $R \sim 2700$ data revealed ionized outflows in all these galaxies. We explore possible links between outflows and stellar population properties to assess the mechanisms driving galaxy evolution at early epochs. Combining the spatially resolved stellar population analysis with the outflow properties, we find that the most massive galaxies ($M_\star > 5 \times 10^{10} M_\odot$) with strong AGN-driven ionized outflows show evidence of past quenching episodes occurring within the last $\sim 100$--$300$ Myr, mainly in the nuclear regions ($r < 3$ kpc). In contrast, higher-redshift ($z > 5$) and less massive ($M_\star < 10^{10} M_\odot$) starburst galaxies with powerful (starburst-driven) outflows appear to have experienced continuous growth, with no clear sign of quenching. Massive galaxies with weaker outflows do not show evidence of quenching in their history. One massive AGN host (GS20936) shows evidence for a recent ($10$--$30$ Myr) rejuvenation phase, likely fueled by a recent major merger. These results suggest that (AGN-driven) outflows can already play a key role in shaping the SFHs of massive galaxies at early cosmic epochs.

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Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS

We present VLT/ERIS IFU J-band observations of MCG-03-34-64, a nearby (z = 0.0167) Seyfert galaxy hosting a candidate dual AGN system with a separation of ~100 pc between the nuclei. The observations cover, among others, the HeI1.083um, [FeII]1.257um and Pa$β$ emission lines, over a FoV of 3"x3"(~1x1 kpc$^2$). We analyse the ionised gas kinematics and identify two regions with enhanced velocity dispersion (W80~1500 km/s), suggestive of fast outflowing gas, spatially coincident with the position of the two candidate active nuclei. The spectra of the two outflows show a prominent blueshifted wing with velocities vmax ~ -1700 km/s corresponding to the highest 2-5 percentiles of samples of local AGN with similar bolometric luminosities. For the ionised phase of the two outflows, we derive comparable masses of $(4\pm1)\times 10^5$ $M_{\odot}$ and mass outflow rates of $20\pm5$ $M_{\odot}$/yr. The two distinct outflows could be associated with the two nuclei, or be generated by the interaction of the radio jet with the ISM. We also analyse the peculiar profile of the [Fe VII]6087A optical coronal line from an archival VLT/X-shooter spectrum. The comparison with the [NeV]3425A and [FeII]1.257um profiles indicates that [Fe VII] emission likely arises only from the outflow. The absence of the systemic component in [Fe VII] - unlike in [NeV], which has similar ionisation potential and critical density - suggests suppression of [Fe VII] due to iron depletion onto dust grains, while its detection in the outflow implies a lower dust content than in the host ISM. The additional information gained from the ERIS data are consistent with the scenario of a dual AGN, however further observations are required to confirm its nature.

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Cosmic Duets I. High-spatial resolution spectroscopy of dual and lensed AGN with MUSE-NFM

We present the first-year results of the MUSE Large Program "Cosmic Duets", whose goal is to obtain adaptive-optics assisted MUSE observations with an angular resolution of 0.1"-0.2" in order to provide integral-field spectroscopy of sub-arcsec separation dual and lensed active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidates. These observations reveal previously unexplored properties of dual and lensed systems that are key to understanding galaxy evolution, supermassive black hole mergers, and strong-lensing modeling. Targets were efficiently selected using the Gaia multipeak (GMP) technique, which identifies pairs of point-like sources with separations below 0.8" in the Gaia catalog. MUSE spatially resolved spectroscopy provides accurate redshifts, ionization diagnostics, and identification of absorption systems along the line of sight. We report results for 30 GMP targets at z=0.5-3.5. All systems show at least 2 spatially resolved components. 19 objects are confirmed as AGN multiplets, including 6 dual AGN, 10 doubly lensed quasars, and 3 quadruply lensed systems, while the remaining 11 correspond to chance alignments with foreground stars. Among all the spectroscopically confirmed dual AGN in the literature, 27 pairs have projected separations below 7kpc in this redshift regime, and our sample accounts for 22% of the total. We studied dual and lensed AGN distributions as a function of redshift, magnitude, and projected separation while accounting for selection effects, and we find that bright systems are dominated by lensed quasars, whereas the relative fraction of dual AGN increases at fainter magnitudes. This first-year sample demonstrates the high efficiency of GMP selection combined with MUSE spectroscopy for identifying sub-arcsec dual and lensed AGN. The full program, targeting 150 systems, will enable statistical studies of dual AGN and constraints on mass distribution in lensing galaxies.

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Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) -- Dual AGN in low-mass galaxies

Dual active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are expected in hierarchical galaxy evolution models, in which low-mass galaxies merge to build more massive ones. While observational evidence for dual AGNs is growing in massive galaxies, no clear detection has yet been found in the low-mass regime. We used photometry and spectroscopy from the first \Euclid Quick Data Release, combined with a collection of multi-wavelength data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) high band antenna, and counterparts in X-ray and mid-infrared catalogues to identify dual AGNs at redshift $z \lesssim 1$. Focusing on low-mass galaxies with stellar masses below 10$^{10}$ M$_{\odot}$, we find nine dual AGN candidates with projected separations ranging from $\sim$20 to 51 kpc. We also find 49 dual AGN candidates in more massive galaxies. We derive a dual AGN fraction of 0.1\% for the low-mass galaxies and estimate that these systems likely trace a population of progenitor black hole pairs that may evolve into bound binaries and eventually coalesce, emitting gravitational waves in the LISA band. These results constitute the first sample of spectroscopically confirmed dual AGN candidates in low-mass galaxies and have important implications for models in which supermassive black holes grow from lower-mass black holes located in low-mass galaxies, as well as for predictions of gravitational waves from low-mass binary black holes.

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Tracing nitrogen enrichment across cosmic time with JWST

We present a comprehensive analysis of the nitrogen-to-oxygen (N/O) abundance ratio in a sample of ~ 660 star-forming galaxies at redshift z ~ 1-6, with a median redshift of z = 3.0, using deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy. Leveraging detections of faint auroral emission lines in 92 galaxies at z>1 from both the MARTA survey and a large compilation of high-redshift literature objects, we derive direct electron temperature-based abundances for nitrogen and oxygen using rest-frame optical lines. We establish the first high-redshift calibrations of strong-line N/O diagnostics based on 'direct' abundance measurements, finding a mild evolution for the N2O2 = log([NII]6585/[OII]3727,3729) diagnostic and no clear evolution for the N2S2 = log([NII]6585/[SII]6717,6731) diagnostic compared to local realisations. We then investigate the N/O-O/H relation across cosmic time using both 'direct' abundances and strong-lines based measurements (additional 535 galaxies). We find evidence for mild but systematic nitrogen enhancement at high redshift: galaxies at z>1 exhibit N/O ratios elevated by ~0.18 dex (median offset) at fixed O/H compared to local trends, with a more pronounced enhancement at low metallicity (i.e. 12 + log(O/H) < 8.1), where the offset reaches up to ~0.4-0.5 dex. We consider several scenarios to explain the observed trends, including bursty star formation, differential metal loading, and inflows of pristine gas. Our results provide the most extensive confirmation of elevated N/O ratios at high-redshift to date based on rest-optical diagnostics and within a self-consistent frame.

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Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The Strong Lensing Discovery Engine F -- Bright and low-redshift strong lenses

We present 72 additional galaxy-galaxy strong lenses that complement the sample discovered in the Euclid Quick Release 1 data (63.1 deg^2) of the Strong Lens Discovery Engine (SLDE) papers A-E. It is shown that previous pre-selection of potential lenses, which excluded objects from the Gaia catalogue, led to missing several bright and low-redshift strong lenses, adding more than 10% new strong lens candidates compared to the previous search. In total, the catalogue includes 38 "grade A" (confident) and 34 "grade B" (probable) candidates. These lenses are identified through a combination of two independent searches for bright nearby objects: one based on machine-learning models followed by expert visual inspection, and the other based solely on expert visual inspection, targeting objects not included in the initial machine-learning selection (a limitation identified only after extensive visual inspection). With these additional strong lens candidates, we augment the expected number of high-confidence candidates in the Euclid Wide Survey from previous forecasts to 120000. Detailed semi-automated lens modelling confirms at least 41 systems out of 72, a fraction consistent with that found in SLDE A (315 out of 488). These include: multiple edge-on disc lenses; sources with arcs near the lens centre; "red sources"; and an edge-on disk galaxy lensing a galaxy merger, producing two sets of lensed features, an Einstein ring and a doubly imaged component. The median redshift of these systems is $Δ$ z ~ 0.3 lower than that of the SLDE A sample.

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MIRACLE II: Unveiling the multi-phase gas interplay in the circumnuclear region of NGC 1365 via multi-cloud modeling

We present a multi-phase study of the gas in the circumnuclear region (~1.1x1.0 kpc^2) of the nearby Seyfert 1.8 galaxy NGC 1365, observed in the context of the Mid-IR Activity of Circumnuclear Line Emission (MIRACLE) program. We combined spatially resolved spectroscopic observations from JWST/MIRI, VLT/MUSE, and ALMA to investigate the ionized atomic gas and the warm and cold molecular phases. MIRI data revealed over 40 mid-IR emission lines from ionized and warm molecular gas. Moment maps show that both cold and warm molecular gas follow the rotation of the stellar disk along the circumnuclear ring. The ionized gas displays flux and kinematic patterns that depend on ionization potential (IP): low-IP species (<25 eV) trace the disk, while higher-IP lines (up to ~120 eV) trace outflowing material. The [O III]5700 and [Ne V]14 lines both trace the southeast nuclear outflow cone. Additionally, [Ne V]14 detects the northwest counter-cone, obscured in the optical and thus invisible in [O III]5700. Mid-IR diagnostics, unlike optical ones, clearly reveal the AGN as the primary ionization source in the nucleus. Emission from high-IP species is spatially coincident with the ionization cones and not with star-forming regions. Using the [Ne V]24/[Ne V]14 ratio, we derive an electron density of (750+-440) cm^(-3), in agreement with values from the [S II] optical doublet. For the first time, we apply a fully self-consistent approach combining advanced photoionization and kinematic models (HOMERUN+MOKA3D) to constrain intrinsic outflow properties, overcoming the limitations of simplified classical methods. Exploiting the synergy of JWST/MIRI and VLT/MUSE, HOMERUN reproduces fluxes of over 60 emission lines from optical to mid-IR, disentangling AGN and star formation contributions and yielding robust estimates of outflow mass, geometry, and energetics.

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M^3D: Mosaicking M33 with MUSE datacubes I. Unveiling the diversity of HII regions in M33 with MUSE

We present new VLT/MUSE observations of a 3 $\times$ 8 arcmin$^2$ mosaic along the southern major axis of the Local Group galaxy M33. These data provide an unprecedented view of the galaxy's interstellar medium (ISM) and allow us to resolve ionised nebulae at a spatial scale of $\approx$5 pc. We identified and catalogued 131 HII regions, down to Hαluminosities of $\approx 5\times$10$^{35}$ erg s$^{-1}$, one order of magnitude fainter than previous surveys on nearby galaxies beyond the Local Group, and we compared these regions with the spatial distribution of ionising stars and embedded star clusters. For each region, we extracted the corresponding integrated optical spectra and measured the intensity of key optical emission lines (Hβ, [OIII], [NII], Hα, [SII], [SIII]), other weaker optical lines when detectable, and Paschen lines to characterise the physical properties of the ioinised gas, such as density, dust attenuation, and metallicity. Our spatially resolved line ratio and flux maps reveal a remarkable diversity in ionisation properties, from dust-obscured regions hosting young stellar objects to highly ionised bubbles exhibiting high [OIII]/Hβratios. Our data reveal a diversity of ionisation fronts, ranging from well-defined to partial to absent. The radial profiles we obtained indicate the presence of both optically thin (density-bounded) HII regions permitting the escape of ionising photons and fully ionised, optically thick (ionisation-bounded) HII regions. The richness of this MUSE mosaic offers an unprecedented view of the ionised ISM at $\approx$5 pc resolution, providing direct insight into how stellar feedback shapes its environment.

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MIRACLE III. JWST/MIRI expose the hidden role of the AGN outflow in NGC 1068

We present new JWST IFS observations of the active galaxy NGC 1068, combining Mid-IR and optical IFS data from MIRI and MUSE to characterize the multi-phase circumnuclear gas properties and its interaction with the AGN outflow and radio jet. MIRI data trace the multiphase gas emission up to 400 pc from the nucleus at 20--60 pc resolution, unveiling a clumpy ionized structure around the radio hot-spots and a rotating warm molecular disc. Innovative Mid-IR diagnostic diagrams highlight the role of the AGN as the main excitation source for the ionized gas in the entire MIRI field of view, consistent with optical diagnostics, and supporting the AGN-driven wind scenario. Density sensitive [NeV] and [ArV] Mid-IR transitions reveal high-density clumps (n_e > 10**4 cm**-3) along the edges of the jet and outflow, tracing gas compression by the expanding wind. We combined multi-cloud kinematic (MOKA) and photo-ionization (HOMERUN) modeling to characterize the ionized outflow properties and found that [OIV] traces an outflow 300 km/s faster than that inferred from [OIII], showing that the two lines originate from distinct gas components. This kinematic dichotomy is confirmed by the photoionization analysis, which requires a dust-poor component dominating the optical lines and a dust-rich component responsible for the Mid-IR emission. The Mid-IR-revealed dusty component carries a significantly larger ionized-gas mass than what can be inferred from optical lines alone, showing that most of the outflowing mass is hidden from classical optical diagnostics. Our modelling point to a two-stage acceleration scenario, with velocities up to ~2000 km/s, consistent with an energy-driven wind. Our findings indicates that the outflow entrains up to a few 10**6 solar masses of ionized gas and couples efficiently with the surrounding ISM, injecting turbulence and impacting the host-galaxy environment.

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Euclid: A machine-learning search for dual and lensed AGN at sub-arcsec separations

Cosmological models of hierarchical structure formation predict the existence of a widespread population of dual accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on kpc-scale separations, corresponding to projected distances < 0".8 at redshifts higher than 0.5. However, close companions to known active galactic nuclei (AGN) or quasars (QSOs) can also be multiple images of the object itself, strongly lensed by a foreground galaxy, as well as foreground stars in a chance superposition. Thanks to its large sky coverage, sensitivity, and high spatial resolution, Euclid offers a unique opportunity to obtain a large, homogeneous sample of dual/lensed AGN candidates with sub-arcsec projected separations. Here we present a machine learning approach, in particular a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), to identify close companions to known QSOs down to separations of $\sim\,$0".15 comparable to the Euclid VIS point spread function (PSF). We studied the effectiveness of the CNN in identifying dual AGN and demonstrated that it outperforms traditional techniques. Applying our CNN to a sample of $\sim\,$6000 QSOs from the Q1 Euclid data release, we find a fraction of about 0.25% dual AGN candidates with separation $\sim\,$0".4 (corresponding to $\sim$3 kpc at z=1). Estimating the foreground contamination from stellar objects, we find that most of the pair candidates with separation higher than 0".5 are likely contaminants, while below this limit, contamination is expected to be less than 20%. For objects at higher separation (>0".5, i.e. 4 kpc at z=1), we performed PSF subtraction and used colour-colour diagrams to constrain their nature. We present a first set of dual/lensed AGN candidates detected in the Q1 Euclid data, providing a starting point for the analysis of future data releases.

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MARTA: Temperature-temperature relationships and strong-line metallicity calibrations from multiple auroral-line detections at cosmic noon

We present the first results from MARTA (Measuring Abundances at high Redshift with the T$_e$ Approach), a programme leveraging ultra-deep, medium-resolution JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy to probe the interstellar medium (ISM) of star-forming galaxies at $z \sim 2 - 3$. We report detections of one or more auroral lines, including [O III]$\lambda4363$, [O II]$λ\lambda7320,7330$, [S II] $\lambda4068$, and [S III] $\lambda6312$ for 16 galaxies in the sample, providing measurements of multiple ionic temperatures. We tested the validity of the T[O II]-T[O III] relation at high redshift considering a total sample of 21 objects including literature data, and obtained a shallower slope than in the low-$z$ literature. However, such a slope is consistent with low-redshift data when ultra-low metallicity objects are considered. We assessed the correlation of the T[O II]-T[O III] relationship and its scatter on different physical parameters, finding a mild correlation with the ionisation parameter and radiation field hardness, while no significant correlation with gas density. The location of high-redshift data is also consistent with the low-$z$ literature in the T[O II]-T[S II], and T[S III]-T[O III] relations, although this conclusion is limited with low-number statistics. Finally, we leveraged our sample together with a comprehensive compilation of galaxies with [O III]$\lambda4363$ detections from the literature to recalibrate classical strong-line diagnostics at high redshift. MARTA represents a key addition in this space because it provides direct metallicities at moderately high oxygen abundances (12+log(O/H) $\sim8.0-8.4$).

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Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The Strong Lensing Discovery Engine C: Finding lenses with machine learning

Strong gravitational lensing has the potential to provide a powerful probe of astrophysics and cosmology, but fewer than 1000 strong lenses have been confirmed so far. With a 0.16'' resolution covering a third of the sky, the Euclid telescope will revolutionise the identification of strong lenses, with 170 000 lenses forecasted to be discovered amongst the 1.5 billion galaxies it will observe. We present an analysis of the performance of five machine-learning models at finding strong gravitational lenses in the quick release of Euclid data (Q1) covering 63 deg2. The models have been validated by citizen scientists and expert visual inspection. We focus on the best-performing network: a fine-tuned version of the Zoobot pretrained model originally trained to classify galaxy morphologies in heterogeneous astronomical imaging surveys. Of the one million Q1 objects that Zoobot was tasked to find strong lenses within, the top 1000 ranked objects contain 122 grade A lenses (almost-certain lenses) and 41 grade B lenses (probable lenses). A deeper search with the five networks combined with visual inspection yielded 250 (247) grade A (B) lenses, of which 224 (182) are ranked in the top 20 000 by Zoobot. When extrapolated to the full Euclid survey, the highest ranked one million images will contain 75 000 grade A or B strong gravitational lenses.

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MIRACLE I.: Unveiling the Multi-Phase, Multi-Scale physical properties of the Active Galaxy NGC 424 with MIRI, MUSE, and ALMA

We present the analysis of the multi-phase gas properties in the Seyfert II galaxy NGC 424, using spatially resolved spectroscopic data from JWST/MIRI, part of the Mid-InfraRed Activity of Circumnuclear Line Emission (MIRACLE) program, as well as VLT/MUSE and ALMA. We trace the properties of the multi-phase medium, from cold and warm molecular gas to hot ionised gas, using emission lines such as CO(2-1), H2 S(1), [OIII]5007, [NeIII]15, and [NeV]14. These lines reveal the intricate interplay between the different gas phases within the circumnuclear region, spanning approximately 1.4x1.4 kpc^2, with a resolution of 10 pc. Exploiting the multi-wavelength and multi-scale observations of gas emission we model the galaxy disc rotation curve from scales of a few parsec up to 5 kpc from the nucleus and infer a dynamical mass of 1.09\pm0.08x10^10 M_{\odot} with a disc scale radius of 0.48\pm0.02 kpc. We detect a compact ionised outflow with velocities up to 10^3 km/s, traced by the [OIII], [NeIII], and [NeV] transitions, with no evidence of cold or warm molecular outflows. We suggest that the ionised outflow might be able to inject a significant amount of energy into the circumnuclear region, potentially hindering the formation of a molecular wind, as the molecular gas is observed to be denser and less diffuse. The combined multi-band observations also reveal, in all gas phases, a strong enhancement of the gas velocity dispersion directed along the galaxy minor axis, perpendicular to the high-velocity ionised outflow, and extending up to 1 kpc from the nucleus. Our findings suggest that the outflow might play a key role in such enhancement by injecting energy into the host disc and perturbing the ambient material.

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Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): The Strong Lensing Discovery Engine A -- System overview and lens catalogue

We present a catalogue of 497 galaxy-galaxy strong lenses in the Euclid Quick Release 1 data (63 deg$^2$). In the initial 0.45\% of Euclid's surveys, we double the total number of known lens candidates with space-based imaging. Our catalogue includes 250 grade A candidates, the vast majority of which (243) were previously unpublished. Euclid's resolution reveals rare lens configurations of scientific value including double-source-plane lenses, edge-on lenses, complete Einstein rings, and quadruply-imaged lenses. We resolve lenses with small Einstein radii ($θ_{\rm E} < 1''$) in large numbers for the first time. These lenses are found through an initial sweep by deep learning models, followed by Space Warps citizen scientist inspection, expert vetting, and system-by-system modelling. Our search approach scales straightforwardly to Euclid Data Release 1 and, without changes, would yield approximately 7000 high-confidence (grade A or B) lens candidates by late 2026. Further extrapolating to the complete Euclid Wide Survey implies a likely yield of over 100000 high-confidence candidates, transforming strong lensing science.

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Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The Strong Lensing Discovery Engine E -- Ensemble classification of strong gravitational lenses: lessons for Data Release 1

The Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) is expected to identify of order $100\,000$ galaxy-galaxy strong lenses across $14\,000$deg$^2$. The Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) of $63.1$deg$^2$ Euclid images provides an excellent opportunity to test our lens-finding ability, and to verify the anticipated lens frequency in the EWS. Following the Q1 data release, eight machine learning networks from five teams were applied to approximately one million images. This was followed by a citizen science inspection of a subset of around $100\,000$ images, of which $65\%$ received high network scores, with the remainder randomly selected. The top scoring outputs were inspected by experts to establish confident (grade A), likely (grade B), possible (grade C), and unlikely lenses. In this paper we combine the citizen science and machine learning classifiers into an ensemble, demonstrating that a combined approach can produce a purer and more complete sample than the original individual classifiers. Using the expert-graded subset as ground truth, we find that this ensemble can provide a purity of $52\pm2\%$ (grade A/B lenses) with $50\%$ completeness (for context, due to the rarity of lenses a random classifier would have a purity of $0.05\%$). We discuss future lessons for the first major Euclid data release (DR1), where the big-data challenges will become more significant and will require analysing more than $\sim300$ million galaxies, and thus time investment of both experts and citizens must be carefully managed.

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Euclid: Finding strong gravitational lenses in the Early Release Observations using convolutional neural networks

The Early Release Observations (ERO) from Euclid have detected several new galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lenses, with the all-sky survey expected to find 170,000 new systems, greatly enhancing studies of dark matter, dark energy, and constraints on the cosmological parameters. As a first step, visual inspection of all galaxies in one of the ERO fields (Perseus) was carried out to identify candidate strong lensing systems and compared to the predictions from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, the entire ERO data set is too large for expert visual inspection. In this paper, we therefore extend the CNN analysis to the whole ERO data set, using different CNN architectures and methodologies. Using five CNN architectures, we identified 8,469 strong gravitational lens candidates from IE-band cutouts of 13 Euclid ERO fields, narrowing them to 97 through visual inspection, including 14 grade A and 31 grade B candidates. We present the spectroscopic confirmation of a strong gravitational lensing candidate, EUCLJ081705.61+702348.8. The foreground lensing galaxy, an early-type system at redshift z = 0.335, and the background source, a star-forming galaxy at redshift z = 1.475 with [O II] emission, are both identified. Lens modeling using the Euclid strong lens modeling pipeline reveals two distinct arcs in a lensing configuration, with an Einstein radius of 1.18 \pm 0.03 arcseconds, confirming the lensing nature of the system. These findings highlight the importance of a broad CNN search to efficiently reduce candidates, followed by visual inspection to eliminate false positives and achieve a high-purity sample of strong lenses in Euclid.

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