arXiv subjects

L. Winslow

Publications and source records attributed to L. Winslow.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The Cryogenic System of DMRadio-50L

The DMRadio-50L experiment is designed to search for axion dark matter in the 5 kHz - 5 MHz frequency range using a lumped-element LC resonator and a toroidal magnet and to serve as a testbed for quantum sensors. This paper describes the custom cryogenic system developed to meet the stringent requirements of the experiment within a standard laboratory environment. The system is designed to cool a 200 kg detector assembly to temperatures as low as 50 mK while providing sufficient cooling power at multiple temperature stages. We present the conceptual design, technical implementation, and measured performance of the hybrid cryogenic system, which combines a horizontal dilution refrigerator with a large vertical payload cryostat.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

DMRadio-Core: A new approach for GUT-scale axion searches

Searches for QCD axions with masses in the neV/$c^2$ mass range are strongly motivated by new physics at the GUT scale and by well-motivated pre-inflationary axion symmetry breaking scales. This parameter space is challenging to probe due to the small axion-photon couplings, which typically require large, high-field magnets with substantial stored energy. In this paper, we propose a new experimental geometry based on a narrow-bore, segmented solenoid that optimizes the collection of the axion-induced signal using LC resonators outside the high-field region of the magnet bore. This alternative optimization significantly reduces the required stored magnetic energy while preserving sensitivity, enabling a near-term experiment in the 30-200 MHz (120-830 neV/$c^2$) range, with a cost-effective, staged scaling to a GUT-scale experiment in the 100 kHz-30 MHz (0.4-120 neV/$c^2$) range.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2025

Electromagnetic modeling and science reach of DMRadio-m$^3$

DMRadio-m$^3$ is an experiment that is designed to be sensitive to KSVZ and DFSZ QCD axion models in the 10--200\,MHz (41 neV$/c^2$ -- 0.83 $μ$eV/$c^2$) range. The experiment uses a solenoidal dc magnetic field to convert an axion dark-matter signal to an ac electromagnetic response in a coaxial copper pickup. The current induced by this axion signal is measured by dc SQUIDs. In this work, we present the electromagnetic modeling of the response of the experiment to an axion signal over the full frequency range of DMRadio-m$^3$, which extends from the low-frequency, lumped-element limit to a regime where the axion Compton wavelength is only a factor of two larger than the detector size. With these results, we determine the live time and sensitivity of the experiment. The primary science goal of sensitivity to DFSZ axions across 30--200 MHz can be achieved with a $3σ$ live scan time of 2.9 years.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2025

Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-$Q$ resonators below 300 MHz

We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high-$Q$ resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche-Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high-$Q$ resonator over this frequency range, and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction-imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m$^3$ axion search, which will use dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2025

First demonstration of a TES based cryogenic Li$_2$MoO$_4$detector for neutrinoless double beta decay search

Cryogenic calorimetric experiments to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) are highly competitive, scalable and versatile in isotope. The largest planned detector array, CUPID, is comprised of about 1500 individual Li$_2^{100}$MoO$_{4}$ detector modules with a further scale up envisioned for a follow up experiment (CUPID-1T). In this article, we present a novel detector concept targeting this second stage with a low impedance TES based readout for the Li$_2$MoO$_{4}$ absorber that is easily mass-produced and lends itself to a multiplexed readout. We present the detector design and results from a first prototype detector operated at the NEXUS shallow underground facility at Fermilab. The detector is a 2-cm-side cube with 21$\,$g mass that is strongly thermally coupled to its readout chip to allow rise-times of $\sim$0.5$\,$ms. This design is more than one order of magnitude faster than present NTD based detectors and is hence expected to effectively mitigate backgrounds generated through the pile-up of two independent two neutrino decay events coinciding close in time. Together with a baseline resolution of 1.95$\,$keV (FWHM) these performance parameters extrapolate to a background index from pile-up as low as $5\cdot 10^{-6}\,$counts/keV/kg/yr in CUPID size crystals. The detector was calibrated up to the MeV region showing sufficient dynamic range for $0νββ$ searches. In combination with a SuperCDMS HVeV detector this setup also allowed us to perform a precision measurement of the scintillation time constants of Li$_2$MoO$_{4}$. The crystal showed a significant fast scintillation emission with O(10$\,μ$s) time-scale, more than an order below the detector response of presently considered light detectors suggesting the possibility of further progress in pile-up rejection through better light detectors in the future.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2024

Searching for Beyond the Standard Model physics using the improved description of $^{100}$Mo $2νββ$ decay spectral shape with CUPID-Mo

The current experiments searching for neutrinoless double-$β$ ($0νββ$) decay also collect large statistics of Standard Model allowed two-neutrino double-$β$ ($2νββ$) decay events. These can be used to search for Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics via $2νββ$ decay spectral distortions. $^{100}$Mo has a natural advantage due to its relatively short half-life, allowing higher $2νββ$ decay statistics at equal exposures compared to the other isotopes. We demonstrate the potential of the dual read-out bolometric technique exploiting a $^{100}$Mo exposure of 1.47 kg $\times$ y, acquired in the CUPID-Mo experiment at the Modane underground laboratory (France). We set limits on $0νββ$ decays with the emission of one or more Majorons, on $2νββ$ decay with Lorentz violation, and $2νββ$ decay with a sterile neutrino emission. In this analysis, we investigate the systematic uncertainty induced by modeling the $2νββ$ decay spectral shape parameterized through an improved model, an effect never considered before. This work motivates searches for BSM processes in the upcoming CUPID experiment, which will collect the largest amount of $2νββ$ decay events among the next-generation experiments.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2024

Results from a Prototype TES Detector for the Ricochet Experiment

Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$ν$NS) offers valuable sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model. The Ricochet experiment will use cryogenic solid-state detectors to perform a precision measurement of the CE$ν$NS spectrum induced by the high neutrino flux from the Institut Laue-Langevin nuclear reactor. The experiment will employ an array of detectors, each with a mass of $\sim$30 g and a targeted energy threshold of 50 eV. Nine of these detectors (the "Q-Array") will be based on a novel Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) readout style, in which the TES devices are thermally coupled to the absorber using a gold wire bond. We present initial characterization of a Q-Array-style detector using a 1 gram silicon absorber, obtaining a baseline root-mean-square resolution of less than 40 eV.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2023

Generative Models for Simulation of KamLAND-Zen

The next generation of searches for neutrinoless double beta decay (0ν\b{eta}\b{eta}) are poised to answer deep questions on the nature of neutrinos and the source of the Universe's matter-antimatter asymmetry. They will be looking for event rates of less than one event per ton of instrumented isotope per year. To claim discovery, accurate and efficient simulations of detector events that mimic 0ν\b{eta}\b{eta} is critical. Traditional Monte Carlo (MC) simulations can be supplemented by machine-learning-based generative models. In this work, we describe the performance of generative models designed for monolithic liquid scintillator detectors like KamLAND to produce highly accurate simulation data without a predefined physics model. We demonstrate its ability to recover low-level features and perform interpolation. In the future, the results of these generative models can be used to improve event classification and background rejection by providing high-quality abundant generated data.

physics.data-an↗

arXiv2023

Modeling and characterization of TES-based detectors for the Ricochet experiment

Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$ν$NS) offers a valuable approach in searching for physics beyond the Standard Model. The Ricochet experiment aims to perform a precision measurement of the CE$ν$NS spectrum at the Institut Laue-Langevin nuclear reactor with cryogenic solid-state detectors. The experiment plans to employ an array of cryogenic thermal detectors, each with a mass around 30 g and an energy threshold of sub-100 eV. The array includes nine detectors read out by Transition-Edge Sensors (TES). These TES based detectors will also serve as demonstrators for future neutrino experiments with thousands of detectors. In this article we present an update in the characterization and modeling of a prototype TES detector.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2023

Measurement of the $2νββ$ decay rate and spectral shape of $^{100}$Mo from the CUPID-Mo experiment

Neutrinoless double beta decay ($0νββ$) is a yet unobserved nuclear process which would demonstrate Lepton Number violation, a clear evidence of beyond Standard Model physics. The process two neutrino double beta decay ($2νββ)$ is allowed by the Standard Model and has been measured in numerous experiments. In this letter, we report a measurement of $2νββ$ decay half-life of $^{100}$Mo to the ground state of $^{100}$Ru of $(7.07~\pm~0.02~\text{(stat.)}~\pm~0.11~\text{(syst.)})~\times~10^{18}$~yr by the CUPID-Mo experiment. With a relative precision of $\pm~1.6$ \% this is the most precise measurement to date of a $2νββ$ decay rate in $^{100}$Mo. In addition, we constrain higher-order corrections to the spectral shape which provides complementary nuclear structure information. We report a novel measurement of the shape factor $ξ_{3,1}=0.45~\pm 0.03~\text{(stat.)} \ \pm 0.05 \ \text{(syst.)}$, which is compared to theoretical predictions for different nuclear models. We also extract the first value for the effective axial vector coupling constant obtained from a spectral shape study of $2νββ$ decay.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2023

First demonstration of 30 eVee ionization energy resolution with Ricochet germanium cryogenic bolometers

The future Ricochet experiment aims to search for new physics in the electroweak sector by measuring the Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering process from reactor antineutrinos with high precision down to the sub-100 eV nuclear recoil energy range. While the Ricochet collaboration is currently building the experimental setup at the reactor site, it is also finalizing the cryogenic detector arrays that will be integrated into the cryostat at the Institut Laue Langevin in early 2024. In this paper, we report on recent progress from the Ge cryogenic detector technology, called the CryoCube. More specifically, we present the first demonstration of a 30~eVee (electron equivalent) baseline ionization resolution (RMS) achieved with an early design of the detector assembly and its dedicated High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) based front-end electronics. This represents an order of magnitude improvement over the best ionization resolutions obtained on similar heat-and-ionization germanium cryogenic detectors from the EDELWEISS and SuperCDMS dark matter experiments, and a factor of three improvement compared to the first fully-cryogenic HEMT-based preamplifier coupled to a CDMS-II germanium detector. Additionally, we discuss the implications of these results in the context of the future Ricochet experiment and its expected background mitigation performance.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2023

The background model of the CUPID-Mo $0νββ$ experiment

CUPID-Mo, located in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (France), was a demonstrator for the next generation $0νββ$ decay experiment, CUPID. It consisted of an array of 20 enriched Li$_{2}$$ ^{100}$MoO$_4$ bolometers and 20 Ge light detectors and has demonstrated that the technology of scintillating bolometers with particle identification capabilities is mature. Furthermore, CUPID-Mo can inform and validate the background prediction for CUPID. In this paper, we present a detailed model of the CUPID-Mo backgrounds. This model is able to describe well the features of the experimental data and enables studies of the $2νββ$ decay and other processes with high precision. We also measure the radio-purity of the Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystals which are found to be sufficient for the CUPID goals. Finally, we also obtain a background index in the region of interest of 3.7$^{+0.9}_{-0.8}$(stat)$^{+1.5}_{-0.7}$(syst)$\times10^{-3}$counts/$Δ$E$_{FWHM}$/mol$_{iso}$/yr, the lowest in a bolometric $0νββ$ decay experiment.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2022

Final results on the $0νββ$ decay half-life limit of $^{100}$Mo from the CUPID-Mo experiment

The CUPID-Mo experiment to search for 0$νββ$ decay in $^{100}$Mo has been recently completed after about 1.5 years of operation at Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (France). It served as a demonstrator for CUPID, a next generation 0$νββ$ decay experiment. CUPID-Mo was comprised of 20 enriched Li$_2$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ scintillating calorimeters, each with a mass of $\sim$ 0.2 kg, operated at $\sim$20 mK. We present here the final analysis with the full exposure of CUPID-Mo ($^{100}$Mo exposure of 1.47 kg$\times$yr) used to search for lepton number violation via 0$νββ$ decay. We report on various analysis improvements since the previous result on a subset of data, reprocessing all data with these new techniques. We observe zero events in the region of interest and set a new limit on the $^{100}$Mo 0$νββ$ decay half-life of $T^{0ν}_{1/2} > 1.8 \times 10^{24}$ year (stat.+syst.) at 90% CI. Under the light Majorana neutrino exchange mechanism this corresponds to an effective Majorana neutrino mass of $\left < (0.28$--$0.49)$ eV, dependent upon the nuclear matrix element utilized.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2022

Projected Sensitivity of DMRadio-m$^3$: A Search for the QCD Axion Below $1\,μ$eV

The QCD axion is one of the most compelling candidates to explain the dark matter abundance of the universe. With its extremely small mass ($\ll 1\,\mathrm{eV}/c^2$), axion dark matter interacts as a classical field rather than a particle. Its coupling to photons leads to a modification of Maxwell's equations that can be measured with extremely sensitive readout circuits. DMRadio-m$^3$ is a next-generation search for axion dark matter below $1\,μ$eV using a $>4$ T static magnetic field, a coaxial inductive pickup, a tunable LC resonator, and a DC-SQUID readout. It is designed to search for QCD axion dark matter over the range $20\,\mathrm{neV}\lesssim m_ac^2\lesssim 800\,\mathrm{neV}$ ($5\,\mathrm{MHz}<ν<200\,\mathrm{MHz}$). The primary science goal aims to achieve DFSZ sensitivity above $m_ac^2\approx 120$ neV (30 MHz), with a secondary science goal of probing KSVZ axions down to $m_ac^2\approx40\,\mathrm{neV}$ (10 MHz).

hep-ex↗

arXiv2022

Collaborative Experience between Scientific Software Projects using Agile Scrum Development

Developing sustainable software for the scientific community requires expertise in software engineering and domain science. This can be challenging due to the unique needs of scientific software, the insufficient resources for software engineering practices in the scientific community, and the complexity of developing for evolving scientific contexts. While open-source software can partially address these concerns, it can introduce complicating dependencies and delay development. These issues can be reduced if scientists and software developers collaborate. We present a case study wherein scientists from the SuperNova Early Warning System collaborated with software developers from the Scalable Cyberinfrastructure for Multi-Messenger Astrophysics project. The collaboration addressed the difficulties of open-source software development, but presented additional risks to each team. For the scientists, there was a concern of relying on external systems and lacking control in the development process. For the developers, there was a risk in supporting a user-group while maintaining core development. These issues were mitigated by creating a second Agile Scrum framework in parallel with the developers' ongoing Agile Scrum process. This Agile collaboration promoted communication, ensured that the scientists had an active role in development, and allowed the developers to evaluate and implement the scientists' software requirements. The collaboration provided benefits for each group: the scientists actuated their development by using an existing platform, and the developers utilized the scientists' use-case to improve their systems. This case study suggests that scientists and software developers can avoid scientific computing issues by collaborating and that Agile Scrum methods can address emergent concerns.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2022

Fast neutron background characterization of the future Ricochet experiment at the ILL research nuclear reactor

The future Ricochet experiment aims at searching for new physics in the electroweak sector by providing a high precision measurement of the Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CENNS) process down to the sub-100 eV nuclear recoil energy range. The experiment will deploy a kg-scale low-energy-threshold detector array combining Ge and Zn target crystals 8.8 meters away from the 58 MW research nuclear reactor core of the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, France. Currently, the Ricochet collaboration is characterizing the backgrounds at its future experimental site in order to optimize the experiment's shielding design. The most threatening background component, which cannot be actively rejected by particle identification, consists of keV-scale neutron-induced nuclear recoils. These initial fast neutrons are generated by the reactor core and surrounding experiments (reactogenics), and by the cosmic rays producing primary neutrons and muon-induced neutrons in the surrounding materials. In this paper, we present the Ricochet neutron background characterization using $^3$He proportional counters which exhibit a high sensitivity to thermal, epithermal and fast neutrons. We compare these measurements to the Ricochet Geant4 simulations to validate our reactogenic and cosmogenic neutron background estimations. Eventually, we present our estimated neutron background for the future Ricochet experiment and the resulting CENNS detection significance.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

KamNet: An Integrated Spatiotemporal Deep Neural Network for Rare Event Search in KamLAND-Zen

Rare event searches allow us to search for new physics at energy scales inaccessible with other means by leveraging specialized large-mass detectors. Machine learning provides a new tool to maximize the information provided by these detectors. The information is sparse, which forces these algorithms to start from the lowest level data and exploit all symmetries in the detector to produce results. In this work we present KamNet which harnesses breakthroughs in geometric deep learning and spatiotemporal data analysis to maximize the physics reach of KamLAND-Zen, a kiloton scale spherical liquid scintillator detector searching for neutrinoless double beta decay ($0νββ$). Using a simplified background model for KamLAND we show that KamNet outperforms a conventional CNN on benchmarking MC simulations with an increasing level of robustness. Using simulated data, we then demonstrate KamNet's ability to increase KamLAND-Zen's sensitivity to $0νββ$ and $0νββ$ to excited states. A key component of this work is the addition of an attention mechanism to elucidate the underlying physics KamNet is using for the background rejection.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2022

New measurement of double beta decays of $^{100}$Mo to excited states of $^{100}$Ru with the CUPID-Mo experiment

The CUPID-Mo experiment, located at Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (France), was a demonstrator experiment for CUPID. It consisted of an array of 20 Li$_2^{100}$MoO$_4$ (LMO) calorimeters each equipped with a Ge light detector (LD) for particle identification. In this work, we present the result of a search for two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of $^{100}$Mo to the first 0$^+$ and $2^+$ excited states of $^{100}$Ru using the full CUPID-Mo exposure (2.71 kg$\times$yr of LMO). We measure the half-life of $2νββ$ decay to the $0^{+}_1$ state as $T_{1/2}^{2ν\rightarrow 0_1^+}=7.5\pm 0.8 \ \text{(stat.)} \ ^{+ 0.4}_{-0.3} \ \text{(syst.)} )\times 10^{20} \ \mathrm{yr}$. The bolometric technique enables measurement of the electron energies as well as the gamma rays from nuclear de-excitation and this allows us to set new limits on the two-neutrino decay to the $2_1^+$ state of $T^{2ν\rightarrow 2_1^+}_{1/2}>4.4\times 10^{21} \ \mathrm{yr} \ \text{(90 % c.i.)}$ and on the neutrinoless modes of $T_{1/2}^{0ν\rightarrow 2_1^+}>2.1\times10^{23} \ \mathrm{yr}\ \text{(90 % c.i.)}$, $T_{1/2}^{0ν\rightarrow 0_1^+}>1.2\times10^{23} \ \mathrm{yr}\ \text{(90 % c.i.)}$. Information on the electrons spectral shape is obtained which allows us to make the first comparison of the single state (SSD) and higher state (HSD) $2νββ$ decay models for the $0_1^+$ excited state of $^{100}$Ru.

nucl-ex↗