The hydrodynamic Euler-elastica: shape transitions in the dynamical buckling of elastic filaments in Stokes flow
The buckling of elastic filaments in viscous fluids, ubiquitous in biological systems like flagella, microtubules, and DNA, has long been described by the static Euler-elastica. Yet, when such filaments buckle dynamically, their shapes defy static predictions, exhibiting complex, unpredictable behaviours. Here, we use a coarse-grained numerical model to explore the long-timescale dynamics of filament buckling in Stokes flow, revealing three distinct morphological regimes, termed flip, loop, and knot. The dominance of each regime is primarily governed by the dimensionless buckling number $\mathrm{Bu}$. Fourier analysis shows that these transitions between shape regimes arise from competition between the first three curvature modes, with high-order modes decay fitting an exponential law. In some parameter ranges, distinct shapes coexist for close initial conditions, indicating deterministic sensitivity to small perturbations. These findings bridge static and dynamic buckling theories, with implications for biological propulsion and the design of microscale slender swimmers.