Apparent density fluctuations in N-constant ensemble simulations
In computer simulations performed in constant number of particles ensembles, although the total number of particles N contained in the simulation box does not fluctuate, hence giving a zero apparent compressibility, there are still local fluctuations in the number of particles. It is shown herein that these apparent fluctuations produce a compressibility that can be computed from the calculated radial distribution function, and which matches to a great accuracy the compressibility of the fluid for the open system. This statement implies that the radial distribution function evaluated in simulation of constant number of particles is identical to that evaluated in the grand canonical ensemble, for the entire distance range within half-box width. This is illustrated for the hard sphere and Lennard-Jones fluids and for molecular models of water. The origin of this apparent fluctuation is that the bulk of the remaining particles, outside the range over which the distribution function is calculated, act as a reservoir of particles for those within this range, thanks to the periodic boundary conditions. The implications on the calculation of the Kirkwood-Buff integrals are discussed.