arXiv subjects

Laura Mercadé

Publications and source records attributed to Laura Mercadé.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2024

Cascaded injection locking of optomechanical crystal oscillators

Optomechanical oscillators stand out as high-performance and versatile candidates for serving as reference clocks in sequential photonic integrated circuits. Indeed, they have the unique capability of simultaneously generating mechanical tones and optical signal modulations at frequencies determined by their geometrical design. In this context, the concept of synchronization introduces a powerful means to precisely coordinate the dynamics of multiple oscillators in a controlled manner, thus increasing efficiency and preventing errors in signal processing photonic systems or communication interfaces. In this work, we demonstrate the cascaded injection locking of a pair of silicon-based optomechanical crystal cavities to an external reference signal that subtly modulates the laser driving one of the oscillators. Both cavities interact solely through a weak mechanical link, making the extension of this synchronization mechanism to an increased number of optomechanical oscillators within a common chip more feasible than relying solely on optical interactions. Thus, the combination of the obtained results, supported by a numerical model, with remote optical injection locking schemes discussed in the literature, lays the groundwork for the distribution of reference signals within large networks of processing elements in future phonon-photon hybrid circuits.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Experimental Evaluation of All-Optical Up- and Down-Conversion of 3GPP 5G NR Signals using an Optomechanical Crystal Cavity Frequency Comb

Optomechanical crystal cavities (OMCCs) allow the interaction between localized optical and mechanical modes through the radiation-pressure force. Driving such cavities with blue-detuned lasers relative to the optical resonance can induce a phonon lasing regime where the OMCC supports self-sustained mechanical oscillations. This dynamic state results in a narrow and stable microwave tone that modulates the laser at integer multiples of the mechanical resonance frequency, ultimately creating an optomechanical (OM) frequency comb suitable for microwave photonics applications. OMCCs enable compact, low-cost power-efficient all-photonic processing of multiple microwave signals, crucial for current 5G and future beyond-5G systems, whilst being compatible with silicon integrated photonic circuits. This work reports the experimental demonstration of all-optical multi-frequency up- and down-conversion of 3GPP 5G new-radio (NR) signals from the low- to mid- and extended-mid bands using the first and second harmonics of the frequency comb generated in a silicon OMCC. The OM comb generates up to 6 harmonics in the K-band, which is suitable for microwave photonic applications. The experimental demonstration also evaluates the impact of the phase-noise and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the frequency-converted 5G NR signals when the first and second OMCC harmonics are employed for frequency conversion.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Optomechanical cavities based on epitaxial GaP on nominally (001)-oriented Si

Gallium phosphide (GaP) has recently received considerable attention as a suitable material for building photonic integrated circuits due to its remarkable optical and piezoelectric properties. Usually, GaP is grown epitaxially on III-V substrates to keep its crystallinity and later transferred to silicon wafers for further processing. Here, an alternative promising route for the fabrication of optomechanical (OM) cavities on GaP epitaxially grown on nominally (001)-oriented Si is introduced by using a two-step process consisting of a low-temperature etching of GaP followed by selective etching of the underneath silicon. The low-temperature (-30 $^o$C) during the dry-etching of GaP hinders the lateral etching rate, preserving the pattern with a deviation between the design and the pattern in the GaP layer lower than 5 %, avoiding the complex process of transferring and bonding a GaP wafer to a silicon-on-insulator wafer. To demonstrate the quality and feasibility of the proposed fabrication route, suspended OM cavities are fabricated and experimentally characterized. The cavities show optical quality factors between 10$^3$ and 10$^4$, and localized mechanical resonances at frequencies around 3.1 GHz. Both optical and mechanical resonances are close to those previously reported on crystalline GaP structures. These results suggest a simple and low-cost way to build GaP-based photonic devices directly integrated on industry-standard Si(001) photonic wafers.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Influence of thermal effects on the optomechanical coupling rate in acousto-optic cavities

Optomechanical (OM) cavities simultaneously localize photons and phonons, thus enhancing their mutual interaction through radiation-pressure force. This acousto-optic interaction can be quantified by means of the optical frequency shift per mechanical displacement G. The aforesaid frequency shift can also be related to the vacuum OM coupling rate, g0, where only photoelastic (PE) and moving boundaries (MB) effects are commonly taken into account. However, the thermo-optic (TO) and thermal expansion (ThE) effects may also play a role since the material forming the OM cavity could be heated by the presence of photons, which should naturally affect the mechanical properties of the cavity. In this work, we introduce a new theoretical approach to determine how thermal effects change the canonical OM coupling rate. To test the model, a complete set of optical-thermal-mechanical simulations has been performed in two OM crystal cavities fabricated from two different materials: silicon and diamond. Our results lead us to conclude that there is a non-negligible thermal correction that is always present as a negative shift to the OM coupling rate that should be considered in order to predict more accurately the strength of the OM interaction.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Master-Slave synchronization of silicon optomechanical nanobeam oscillators by external feedback

The remote synchronization of oscillators is essential for improving the performance, efficiency, and reliability of various systems and technologies, ranging from everyday telecommunications to cutting-edge scientific research and emerging technologies. In this work, we unequivocally demonstrate a master-slave type of synchronization between two self-sustained optomechanical crystal oscillators that interact solely through an external optical feedback stage. Several pieces of experimental evidence rule out the possibility of resonant forcing, and, in contrast to previous works, indicate that synchronization is achieved in the regime of natural dynamics suppression. Our experimental results are in agreement with the predictions of a numerical model describing the specific mechanical lasing dynamics of each oscillator and the unidirectional interaction between them. The outcomes of our study pave the way toward the synchronization of clock signals corresponding to far-placed processing elements in a future synchronous photonic integrated circuit.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Engineering multiple GHz mechanical modes in optomechanical crystal cavities

Optomechanical crystal cavities (OMCCs) are fundamental nanostructures for a wide range of phenomena and applications. Usually, optomechanical interaction in such OMCCs is limited to a single optical mode and a unique mechanical mode. In this sense, eliminating the single mode constraint - for instance, by adding more mechanical modes - should enable more complex physical phenomena, giving rise to a context of multimode optomechanical interaction. However, a general method to produce in a controlled way multiple mechanical modes with large coupling rates in OMCCs is still missing. In this work, we present a route to confine multiple GHz mechanical modes coupled to the same optical field with similar optomechanical coupling rates - up to 600 kHz - by OMCC engineering. In essence, we increase the number of unit cells (consisting of a silicon nanobrick perforated by a circular holes with corrugations at its both sides) in the adiabatic transition between the cavity center and the mirror region. Remarkably, the mechanical modes in our cavities are located within a full phononic bandgap, which is a key requirement to achieve ultra high mechanical Q factors at cryogenic temperatures. The multimode bevavior in a full phononic bandgap and the easiness of realization using standard silicon nanotechnology make our OMCCs highly appealing for applications in the classical and quantum realms.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Testing optomechanical microwave oscillators for SATCOM application

The realization of photonic microwave oscillators using optomechanical cavities has recently become a reality. By pumping the cavity with a blue-detuned laser, the so-called phonon lasing regime - in which a mechanical resonance is amplified beyond losses - can be reached and the input signal gets modulated by highly-coherent tones at integer multiples of the mechanical resonance. \textcolor{Red}{Implementing optomechanical cavities on released films with high index of refraction can lead to optical modes at telecom wavelengths and mechanical resonances in the GHz scale, resulting in highly-stable signals in the microwave domain upon photodetection}. Owing to the extreme compactness of such cavities, application in satellite communications (SATCOM) seems highly appropriate, but no experiments have been reported so far. In this paper, an optomechanical microwave oscillator (OMO) built on a micron-scale silicon optomechanical crystal cavity is characterized and tested in a real SATCOM testbed. Using a blue-detuned laser, the OMO is driven into a phonon lasing state where multiple harmonics are generated, reaching tones up to 20 GHz. Under this regime, its practical applicability, remarkably addressing its performance as a photonic local oscillator, has been validated. The results, in addition with the advantages of extreme compactness and silicon-technology compatibility, make OMOs very promising candidates to build \textcolor{Red}{ultra-low} weight photonics-based microwave oscillators for SATCOM applications.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2021

Photonic Frequency Conversion of OFDM Microwave Signals in a Wavelength-Scale Optomechanical Cavity

Optomechanical (OM) cavities enable coupling of near-infrared light and GHz-frequency acoustic waves in wavelength-scale volumes. When driven in the phonon lasing regime, an OM cavity can perform simultaneously as a nonlinear mixer and a local oscillator -- at integer multiples of the mechanical resonance frequency -- in the optical domain. In this work, we use this property to demonstrate all-optical frequency down- and up-conversion of MHz-bandwidth orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signals compliant with the IEEE 802.16e WiMAX wireless standard at microwave frequencies. To this end, we employ a silicon OM crystal cavity (OMCC), supporting a breathing-like mechanical resonance at $f_m\approx$ 3.9 GHz and having a foot-print $\approx$ 10 $μ$m$^{2}$, which yields frequency conversion efficiencies better than -17 dB in both down- and up-conversion processes at mW-scale driving power. This work paves the way towards the application of OMCCs in low-power all-photonic processing of digitally-modulated microwave signals in miniaturized silicon photonics chips.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Hybrid Photonic-Plasmonic Cavities based on the Nanoparticle-on-a-Mirror Configuration

Hybrid photonic-plasmonic cavities have emerged as a new platform to increase light-matter interaction capable to enhance the Purcell factor in a singular way not attainable with either photonic or plasmonic cavities separately. In the hybrid cavities proposed so far, mainly consisting of metallic bow-tie antennas, the plasmonic gap sizes defined by lithography in a repeatable way are limited to minimum values \approx 10 nm. Nanoparticle-on-a-mirror (NPoM) cavities are far superior to achieve the smallest possible mode volumes, as gaps smaller than 1 nm can be created. Here, we design a hybrid cavity that combines a NPoM plasmonic cavity and a dielectric-nanobeam photonic crystal cavity operating at transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization. The metallic nanoparticle can be placed very close (< 1 nm) to the upper surface of the dielectric cavity, which acts as a low-reflectivity mirror. We demonstrate through numerical calculations that this kind of hybrid plasmonic-photonic cavity architecture exhibits quality factors, Q, above 10^{3} and normalized mode volumes, V , down to 10^{\num{-3}}, thus resulting in high Purcell factors (FP \approx 10^5), whilst being experimentally feasible with current technology. Our results suggest that hybrid cavities with sub-nm gaps should open new avenues for boosting light-matter interaction in nanophotonic systems.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Floquet phonon lasing in multimode optomechanical systems

Dynamical radiation pressure effects in cavity optomechanical systems give rise to self-sustained oscillations or `phonon lasing' behavior, producing stable oscillators up to GHz frequencies in nanoscale devices. Like in photonic lasers, phonon lasing normally occurs in a single mechanical mode. We show here that phase-locked, multimode phonon lasing can be established in a multimode optomechanical system through Floquet dynamics induced by a temporally modulated laser drive. We demonstrate this concept in a suitably engineered silicon photonic nanocavity coupled to multiple GHz-frequency mechanical modes. We find that the long-term frequency stability is significantly improved in the multimode lasing state as a result of the phase locking. These results provide a path towards highly stable ultra-compact oscillators, pulsed phonon lasing, coherent waveform synthesis, and emergent many-mode phenomena in oscillator arrays.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2020

Vertical engineering for large stimulated Brillouin scattering in unreleased silicon-based waveguides

Strong acousto-optic interaction in silicon-based waveguides generally requires releasing of the silicon core to avoid mechanical leakage into the underlying silica substrate. This complicates fabrication, limits thermalization, reduces the mechanical robustness and hinders large area optomechanical devices on a single chip. Here, we overcome this limitation by employing vertical photonic-phononic engineering. Specifically, the insertion of a thick silicon nitride layer between the silicon guiding core and the silica substrate contributes to reduce GHz-frequencies phonon leakage enabling large values of the Brillouin gain in an unreleased platform. We get values of the Brillouin gain around 300 (Wm)$^{-1}$ for different configurations, which could be further increased by operation at cryogenic temperatures. These values should enable to observe Brillouin-related phenomena in cm-scale waveguides or in more compact ring resonators. This finding could pave the way towards large-area unreleased cavity and waveguide optomechanics on silicon chips.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2020

Dispersive optomechanics of supercavity modes in high-index disks

In this work, we study the dispersive coupling between optical quasi-bound-states in the continuum at telecom wavelengths and GHz-mechanical modes in high-index wavelength-sized disks. We show that such cavities can display values of the optomechanical coupling rate on par with optomechanical crystal cavities ($g_{0}/2π\backsimeq$ 800 kHz). Interestingly, optomechanical coupling of optical resonances with mechanical modes at frequencies well above 10 GHz seems attainable. We also show that mechanical leakage in the substrate can be extremely reduced by placing the disk over a thin silica pedestal. Our results suggest a new route for ultra compact optomechanical cavities which can potentially be arranged in massive arrays forming optomechanical metasurfaces.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2019

Microwave generation and frequency comb in a silicon optomechanical cavity with a full phononic bandgap

Cavity optomechanics has become a powerful tool to manipulate mechanical motion via optical fields. When driving an optomechanical cavity with blue-detuned laser the mechanical motion is amplified, ultimately resulting in phonon lasing. In this work, we show that a silicon optomechanical crystal cavity can be used as an optoelectronic oscillator when driven to the phonon lasing condition. To this end, we use an optomechanical cavity designed to have a breathing-like mechanical mode vibrating at $Ω_{m}/2π=$3.897 GHz in a full phononic bandgap. Our measurements show that the first harmonic displays a phase noise of -100 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz, which is a considerable value for a free running oscillator. Stronger blue-detuned driving leads eventually to the formation of an optomechanical frequency comb, with lines spaced by the mechanical frequency. We also measure the phase noise for higher-order harmonics and show that, unlike in Brillouin oscillators, the noise is increased as corresponding to classical harmonic mixing. Finally, we present real-time measurements of the comb waveform and show that it can be adjusted to a theoretical model recently presented. Our results suggest that silicon optomechanical cavities could be relevant elements in microwave photonics and optical RF processing, in particular in disciplines requiring low-weight, compactness and fiber interconnection.

physics.optics↗