arXiv subjects

Lavinia Paiella

Publications and source records attributed to Lavinia Paiella.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Assessing the Impact of Instrumental Requirements on the Scientific Performance of the Einstein Telescope

We investigate the relationship between instrumental requirements and the scientific performance of the Einstein Telescope (ET), a third-generation (3G) gravitational-wave (GW) observatory. Different technical design choices result in distinct noise budgets, ultimately shaping the detector's scientific capabilities. To systematically assess and compare their impact, we define a comprehensive set of performance metrics spanning compact binary coalescence (CBC) detection and parameter estimation, as well as other sources, including stochastic GW backgrounds, isolated spinning neutron stars, and core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). We build a comparative reference framework that links degradations in specific noise contributions and frequency bands to losses in scientific capabilities. We consider a representative selection of technical parameters, such as coating and suspension temperatures, the filter cavity length in the low-frequency instrument, and the beam size in the high-frequency instrument. We evaluate how sensitivity variations across specific frequency bands affect different scientific objectives. We quantify how the sensitivity below 30 Hz impacts the detectability of massive and/or high-redshift sources and the reconstruction of long-duration CBC signals, affecting early warning and sky localization for binary neutron stars (BNSs). Sensitivity in the 30-450 Hz range governs most CBC parameter-estimation metrics, while high-frequency sensitivity above ~450 Hz predominantly impacts BNS post-merger studies and CCSN detectability, with modest effects on detection rates. Even with the most significant degradations considered, the ET science case remains robust overall. Our results provide a comprehensive benchmark linking scientific objectives to instrumental requirements, particularly important as the final design and infrastructure of 3G observatories are being defined.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

The impact of stellar binaries and star cluster dynamics on pair-instability supernovae

Pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) are among the most luminous transients in the Universe. However, they have never been confidently observed. Solving this puzzle would have key implications for several astrophysical topics, including galaxy chemical enrichment, the interpretation of gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers, and the nature of red dropout sources seen by JWST. With this aim, we present the first in-depth study of PISN occurrence in binary stars, both in isolation and in dense star clusters. We employ the SEVN code, with PARSEC stellar tracks, to evolve a suite of 35 synthetic binary populations, including variations on formation channels, cluster properties, and upper limit of the stellar initial mass function. We find that binary interactions can boost the PISN rate by up to threefold, relative to single stars, whereas binary hardening can either enhance or suppress PISN production, depending on whether the progenitors are primordial or dynamically formed. Moreover, we showcase how our comprehensive framework for the cosmic PISN rate can be used to constrain uncertain aspects of stellar and galaxy evolution models, via comparison with observations, including the recipes for stellar-wind mass loss in very-massive stars, and the galaxy metallicity distribution throughout the Universe.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Comparing astrophysical models to gravitational-wave data in the observable space

Comparing population-synthesis models to the results of hierarchical Bayesian inference in gravitational-wave astronomy requires a careful understanding of the domain of validity of the models fitted to data. This comparison is usually done using the inferred astrophysical distribution: from the data that were collected, one deconvolves selection effects to reconstruct the generating population distribution. In this paper, we demonstrate the benefits of instead comparing observable populations directly. In this approach, the domain of validity of the models is trivially respected, such that only the relevant parameter space regions as predicted by the astrophysical models of interest contribute to the comparison. With this in mind, it can be useful to fit the observed population directly, rather than effectively deconvolving the selection effects only to fold them back in when reconstructing the observable population. We clarify that unbiased inference of the observable compact-binary population is indeed possible. Crucially, this approach still requires incorporating selection effects, but in a manner that differs from the standard implementation. We apply our observable-space reconstruction to LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data from their third observing run and illustrate its potential by comparing the results to the predictions of a fiducial population-synthesis model.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2026

Isolated or Dynamical? Tracing Black Hole Binary Formation through the Population of Gravitational-Wave Sources

The population of binary black hole (BBH) mergers observed by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) collaboration offers a window into the cosmic evolution of compact binaries and their formation. We employ the semi-analytic population-synthesis code B-POP to model BBHs assembled through isolated binary evolution and dynamical interactions in young, globular, and nuclear star clusters. Our framework incorporates star formation history, metallicity evolution, and single and binary stellar evolution to quantify their impact on the observable properties of the BBH population and on the relative contribution of distinct formation channels. Our models are characterized by a merger rate, $\mathcal{R} = 17.5-24.1\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$, broadly consistent with LVK constraints. Moreover, the predicted distributions of primary mass, mass ratio, and effective inspiral spin parameter are compatible with those inferred from current LVK observations. Our primary-mass distribution is dominated by isolated binaries at $m_1 < 20$ M$_\odot$, while dynamically assembled first- and higher-generation mergers dominate at larger masses. As a consequence, the sub-population of mergers with $m_1 > 45$ M$_\odot$ exhibits a nearly flat mass-ratio distribution and distinctive spin properties. We leverage our models to explore how: (i) the fraction of stars in isolated binaries and the fraction of stellar mass bound in clusters regulate the merger rate; (ii) common-envelope physics shapes the primary-mass distribution and its redshift evolution; (iii) the inclusion of stellar-collision products enhances the formation of higher-generation mergers; and (iv) the natal spin distribution influences the effective spin. Using our models to assess possible origins of selected GW events, we illustrate how the complexity of the underlying astrophysical processes can hinder the possibility to draw definitive conclusions.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

Black Hole - Neutron Star and Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Population III and II stars

Population III (Pop.$~$III) stars are expected to be massive and to undergo minimal mass loss due to their lack of metals, making them ideal progenitors of black holes and neutron stars. Here, we investigate the formation and properties of binary neutron star (BNS) and black hole-neutron star (BHNS) mergers originating from Pop.$~$III stars, and compare them to their metal-enriched Population II (Pop.$~$II) counterparts, focusing on their merger rate densities (MRDs), primary masses and delay times. We find that, despite the high merger efficiency of Pop.$~$III BNSs and BHNSs, their low star formation rate results in a MRD at least one order of magnitude lower than that of Pop.$~$II stars. The MRD of Pop.$~$III BNSs peaks at redshift $z\sim15$, attaining a value $\mathcal{R}_{\rm BNS}(z\sim15) \sim 15\,\rm Gpc^{-3}\,yr^{-1}$, while the MRD of Pop.$~$III BHNSs is maximum at $z\sim13$, reaching a value $\mathcal{R}_{\rm BHNS}(z\sim13) \sim 2\,\rm Gpc^{-3}\,yr^{-1}$. Finally, we observe that the black hole masses of Pop.$~$III BHNS mergers have a nearly flat distribution with a peak at $\sim 20\,\rm M_{\odot}$ and extending up to $\sim 50\,\rm M_{\odot}$. Black holes in Pop.$~$II BHNS mergers show instead a peak at $\lesssim 15\,\rm M_{\odot}$. We consider these predictions in light of recent gravitational-wave observations in the local Universe, finding that a Pop.$~$III origin is preferred relative to Pop.$~$II for some events.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

Seeds to success: growing heavy black holes in dense star clusters

The observational dearth of black holes (BHs) with masses between $\sim$100 and 100,000 $M_\odot$ raises questions about the nature of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). Proposed formation channels for IMBHs include runaway stellar collisions and repeated binary BH (BBH) mergers driven by dynamical interactions in stellar clusters, but the formation efficiency of these processes and the associated IMBH occupation fraction are largely unconstrained. In this work, we study IMBH formation via both mechanisms in young, globular, and nuclear star clusters. We carry out a comprehensive investigation of IMBH formation efficiency by exploring the impact of different seeding models and star cluster formation histories. We employ a new version of the B-POP population synthesis code, able to model several seeding mechanisms as well as hierarchical BBH mergers. We quantify the efficiency of IMBH production across different cluster families, and estimate the fraction of BBH mergers involving an IMBH primary. Comparison with low-redshift IMBH candidates suggests that, depending on the seeding mechanism, stellar collisions can play a pivotal role in explaining potential IMBHs in local globular clusters. Our simulations highlight stellar collisions as the primary IMBH formation channel across a wide range of cluster types. They further suggest that wandering IMBHs may populate Milky Way-like galaxies and that correlations between cluster and IMBH masses can help distinguish the origins of Galactic globular clusters.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

Assembling GW231123 in star clusters through the combination of stellar binary evolution and hierarchical mergers

GW231123 is the most massive binary black hole (BBH) merger detected to date by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration. With at least one black hole (BH) in the upper-mass gap and both BHs exhibiting high spins ($χ_{1,2} \gtrsim 0.8$), this event challenges standard isolated binary evolution models. A compelling alternative is a dynamical origin in star clusters, where stellar binaries and hierarchical mergers may both contribute to the formation of similar BBHs. In this work, we investigate the formation of GW231123-like events in different cluster environments using the B-POP semi-analytic population synthesis code. We find that low-metallicity environments ($Z \lesssim 0.002$) are ideal for producing BBH mergers similar to GW231123. In young and globular clusters, these BBHs have components formed in stellar binaries, whilst in nuclear clusters there is also a significant contribution from BHs built-up via hierarchical mergers. Natal spins of BHs formed in stellar binaries are crucial to find GW231123 analogs. In particular, our models suggest that BHs from stellar binaries are likely characterized by high-spins. Simulated GW231123-like systems exhibit short delay times, $t_\mathrm{del} \sim 0.1 - 1$ Gyr, which suggests their progenitors formed close to the inferred merger redshift ($z = 0.39^{+0.27}_{-0.24}$). We argue that star clusters in metal-poor dwarf galaxies or Milky Way-like galaxies are ideal nurseries, inferring an upper limit to the local merger rate of $\mathcal{R} \sim 1.6\times10^{-3} - 0.16$ yr$^{-1}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ for nuclear clusters, $\sim 0.036 - 0.72$ yr$^{-1}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ for globular clusters, and $4\times10^{-4}-0.041$ yr$^{-1}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ for young clusters.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

Opportunities and limits of lunar gravitational-wave detection

A new era of lunar exploration has begun with participation of all major space agencies. This activity brings opportunities for revolutionary science experiments and observatories on the Moon. The idea of a lunar gravitational-wave detector was already proposed during the Apollo program. The key characteristic of the Moon is that it is seismically extremely quiet. It was also pointed out that the permanently shadowed regions at the lunar poles provide ideal conditions for gravitational-wave detection. In recent years, three different detector concepts were proposed with varying levels of technological complexity and science potential. In this paper, we confront the three concepts in terms of their observational capabilities based on a first more detailed modeling of instrumental noise. We identify important technological challenges and potential show-stoppers.

astro-ph.IM↗