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Lin Shao

Publications and source records attributed to Lin Shao.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

OpenWAM: An Open, Modular Exploration Towards Systematic World-Action Model Pretraining

World-Action Models inherit world knowledge from video-generative priors, and channel it into executable control signals through embodied experience. Existing systems, however, are monolithic: the generative backbone, visual representation, architecture, information flow, inference procedure, and training data are tightly coupled, obscuring which design choices matter and why. We introduce OpenWAM, an open research stack that turns world-action pretraining into a controlled experimental program. OpenWAM-Infra factorizes the WAM design space into composable modules with unified training, inference, deployment, and evaluation. On this substrate, OpenWAM-Study examines three questions through controlled experiments: what to inherit, how world and action learning interact, and how their synergy scales; and distills three principles: upstream knowledge transfers through a sufficiently capable generative backbone and a compact, information-rich latent space; world-action synergy requires dedicated action capacity, explicit world-to-action information flow, and synchronized joint denoising; and embodied pretraining principally improves out-of-domain generalization, with one-stage co-training over egocentric and robot data integrating world coverage and action grounding. Composing these principles, we build OpenWAM-{\alpha}, an open WAM pretrained on roughly 6,400 hours of egocentric human and robot data and evaluated across simulation and real-world benchmarks. Across the eight simulation benchmarks and the real-robot experiments, which together span embodiments from single-arm and bimanual manipulation to dexterous hands, OpenWAM-{\alpha} delivers consistently excellent performance, sustaining its top-tier standing from simulation to the physical world. We release the full stack, including infrastructure, evaluation protocols, pretrained models, and data recipes, to facilitate future research.

cs.RO

Active Contact Sensing for Robust Robot-to-Human Object Handover

Robot-to-human object handover is an essential skill for robot assistants, from serving drinks at home to passing surgical tools in the operating room. We expect robots to perform handover robustly -- to release the object only after a firm human grasp while ignoring incidental touches. Existing passive-sensing methods struggle to generalize across diverse objects and human behaviors, as they lack informative perturbations to disambiguate different contact conditions, such as firm grasp versus incidental touch. We propose an active sensing approach for robust handovers: the robot applies information-gathering motions and senses the resulting human-applied forces to infer the contact state. A firm grasp produces forces in multiple directions, while an accidental touch does not. To capture this distinction, we model the contact state with a Bayesian linear model: a distribution over piecewise-linear mappings from robot motions to human-applied forces. This model enables firm grasp detection and active information gathering. In experiments with 12 participants and 30 diverse rigid objects, our method achieved a 97.5% success rate -- over 30% higher than two common baselines.

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FingerEye: Learning Dexterous Manipulation with Continuous Vision-Tactile Sensing

Dexterous robotic manipulation requires perception that remains informative from pre-contact approach to contact initiation and post-contact control. We introduce FingerEye, a sensing and learning framework that strengthens robotic dexterity through continuous vision-tactile feedback throughout interaction. On the sensing side, FingerEye integrates binocular RGB cameras with a compliant contact interface to support perception both before and after contact. Before contact, the fingertip cameras provide close-range visual cues and implicit stereo for precise approach and object localization. After contact, marker-tracked deformation of the compliant ring provides a proxy for contact wrench sensing. On the learning side, we build real-and-sim infrastructure for data collection and evaluation, systematically study policy-interface designs for learning with multiple FingerEye sensors, and develop FingerEye Policy, which applies group-structured modality fusion to reduce modality shortcuts and better exploit distributed fingertip feedback. Across seven contact-sensitive task settings, FingerEye improves wrist-only policy by over 30 percentage points in mean success rate in both simulation and the real world.

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ContactExplorer: Contact Coverage-Guided Exploration for General-Purpose Dexterous Manipulation

Reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable success in domains such as Atari games, navigation, and locomotion, where exploration can often be guided by novelty over states or dynamics. In contrast, dexterous manipulation requires rich physical hand--object interactions, but existing methods often suffer from unstable contact-based novelty signals, inefficient distance novelty signals, or reliance on task-specific priors. We propose ContactExplorer, a general exploration method for dexterous manipulation tasks. ContactExplorer represents contact as the intersection between object surface points and hand keypoints, encouraging dexterous hands to discover diverse and novel contact patterns, namely which fingers contact which object regions. It maintains a contact counter conditioned on discretized object states obtained via learned hash codes, capturing how frequently each finger interacts with different object regions. This counter is leveraged in two complementary ways: (1) to assign a count-based contact coverage reward that promotes exploration of novel contact patterns, and (2) an energy-based reaching reward that guides the agent toward under-explored contact regions. We evaluate ContactExplorer on a diverse set of dexterous manipulation tasks. Experimental results show that ContactExplorer substantially improves sample efficiency and success rates over existing exploration methods, and that the contact patterns learned with ContactExplorer transfer robustly to the real world. Project page is https://contact-explorer.github.io.

cs.RO

Towards Human-Like Manipulation through RL-Augmented Teleoperation and Mixture-of-Dexterous-Experts VLA

While Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable success in robotic manipulation, their application has largely been confined to low-degree-of-freedom end-effectors performing simple, vision-guided pick-and-place tasks. Extending these models to human-like, bimanual dexterous manipulation-specifically contact-rich in-hand operations-introduces critical challenges in high-fidelity data acquisition, multi-skill learning, and multimodal sensory fusion. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework to address these bottlenecks, built upon two components. First, we introduce IMCopilot (In-hand Manipulation Copilot), a suite of reinforcement learning-trained atomic skills that plays a dual role: it acts as a shared-autonomy assistant to simplify teleoperation data collection, and it serves as a callable low-level execution primitive for the VLA. Second, we present MoDE-VLA (Mixture-of-Dexterous-Experts VLA), an architecture that seamlessly integrates heterogeneous force and tactile modalities into a pretrained VLA backbone. By utilizing a residual injection mechanism, MoDE-VLA enables contact-aware refinement without degrading the model's pretrained knowledge. We validate our approach on four tasks of escalating complexity, demonstrating doubled success rate improvement over the baseline in dexterous contact-rich tasks.

cs.RO

RoTri-Diff: A Spatial Robot-Object Triadic Interaction-Guided Diffusion Model for Bimanual Manipulation

Bimanual manipulation is a fundamental robotic skill that requires continuous and precise coordination between two arms. While imitation learning (IL) is the dominant paradigm for acquiring this capability, existing approaches, whether robot-centric or object-centric, often overlook the dynamic geometric relationship among the two arms and the manipulated object. This limitation frequently leads to inter-arm collisions, unstable grasps, and degraded performance in complex tasks. To address this, in this paper we explicitly models the Robot-Object Triadic Interaction (RoTri) representation in bimanual systems, by encoding the relative 6D poses between the two arms and the object to capture their spatial triadic relationship and establish continuous triangular geometric constraints. Building on this, we further introduce RoTri-Diff, a diffusion-based imitation learning framework that combines RoTri constraints with robot keyposes and object motion in a hierarchical diffusion process. This enables the generation of stable, coordinated trajectories and robust execution across different modes of bimanual manipulation. Extensive experiments show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by 10.2% on 11 representative RLBench2 tasks and achieves stable performance on 4 challenging real-world bimanual tasks. Project website: https://rotri-diff.github.io/.

cs.RO

DexRepNet++: Learning Dexterous Robotic Manipulation with Geometric and Spatial Hand-Object Representations

Robotic dexterous manipulation is a challenging problem due to high degrees of freedom (DoFs) and complex contacts of multi-fingered robotic hands. Many existing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based methods aim at improving sample efficiency in high-dimensional output action spaces. However, existing works often overlook the role of representations in achieving generalization of a manipulation policy in the complex input space during the hand-object interaction. In this paper, we propose DexRep, a novel hand-object interaction representation to capture object surface features and spatial relations between hands and objects for dexterous manipulation skill learning. Based on DexRep, policies are learned for three dexterous manipulation tasks, i.e. grasping, in-hand reorientation, bimanual handover, and extensive experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness. In simulation, for grasping, the policy learned with 40 objects achieves a success rate of 87.9% on more than 5000 unseen objects of diverse categories, significantly surpassing existing work trained with thousands of objects; for the in-hand reorientation and handover tasks, the policies also boost the success rates and other metrics of existing hand-object representations by 20% to 40%. The grasp policies with DexRep are deployed to the real world under multi-camera and single-camera setups and demonstrate a small sim-to-real gap.

cs.RO

Bi-Adapt: Few-shot Bimanual Adaptation for Novel Categories of 3D Objects via Semantic Correspondence

Bimanual manipulation is imperative yet challenging for robots to execute complex tasks, requiring coordinated collaboration between two arms. However, existing methods for bimanual manipulation often rely on costly data collection and training, struggling to generalize to unseen objects in novel categories efficiently. In this paper, we present Bi-Adapt, a novel framework designed for efficient generalization for bimanual manipulation via semantic correspondence. Bi-Adapt achieves cross-category affordance mapping by leveraging the strong capability of vision foundation models. Fine-tuning with restricted data on novel categories, Bi-Adapt exhibits notable generalization to out-of-category objects in a zero-shot manner. Extensive experiments conducted in both simulation and real-world environments validate the effectiveness of our approach and demonstrate its high efficiency, achieving a high success rate on different benchmark tasks across novel categories with limited data. Project website: https://biadapt-project.github.io/

cs.RO

DSVM-UNet : Enhancing VM-UNet with Dual Self-distillation for Medical Image Segmentation

Vision Mamba models have been extensively researched in various fields, which address the limitations of previous models by effectively managing long-range dependencies with a linear-time overhead. Several prospective studies have further designed Vision Mamba based on UNet(VM-UNet) for medical image segmentation. These approaches primarily focus on optimizing architectural designs by creating more complex structures to enhance the model's ability to perceive semantic features. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective approach to improve the model by Dual Self-distillation for VM-UNet (DSVM-UNet) without any complex architectural designs. To achieve this goal, we develop double self-distillation methods to align the features at both the global and local levels. Extensive experiments conducted on the ISIC2017, ISIC2018, and Synapse benchmarks demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance while maintaining computational efficiency. Code is available at https://github.com/RoryShao/DSVM-UNet.git.

cs.CV

LiDARDraft: Generating LiDAR Point Cloud from Versatile Inputs

Generating realistic and diverse LiDAR point clouds is crucial for autonomous driving simulation. Although previous methods achieve LiDAR point cloud generation from user inputs, they struggle to attain high-quality results while enabling versatile controllability, due to the imbalance between the complex distribution of LiDAR point clouds and the simple control signals. To address the limitation, we propose LiDARDraft, which utilizes the 3D layout to build a bridge between versatile conditional signals and LiDAR point clouds. The 3D layout can be trivially generated from various user inputs such as textual descriptions and images. Specifically, we represent text, images, and point clouds as unified 3D layouts, which are further transformed into semantic and depth control signals. Then, we employ a rangemap-based ControlNet to guide LiDAR point cloud generation. This pixel-level alignment approach demonstrates excellent performance in controllable LiDAR point clouds generation, enabling "simulation from scratch", allowing self-driving environments to be created from arbitrary textual descriptions, images and sketches.

cs.CV

ManiLong-Shot: Interaction-Aware One-Shot Imitation Learning for Long-Horizon Manipulation

One-shot imitation learning (OSIL) offers a promising way to teach robots new skills without large-scale data collection. However, current OSIL methods are primarily limited to short-horizon tasks, thus limiting their applicability to complex, long-horizon manipulations. To address this limitation, we propose ManiLong-Shot, a novel framework that enables effective OSIL for long-horizon prehensile manipulation tasks. ManiLong-Shot structures long-horizon tasks around physical interaction events, reframing the problem as sequencing interaction-aware primitives instead of directly imitating continuous trajectories. This primitive decomposition can be driven by high-level reasoning from a vision-language model (VLM) or by rule-based heuristics derived from robot state changes. For each primitive, ManiLong-Shot predicts invariant regions critical to the interaction, establishes correspondences between the demonstration and the current observation, and computes the target end-effector pose, enabling effective task execution. Extensive simulation experiments show that ManiLong-Shot, trained on only 10 short-horizon tasks, generalizes to 20 unseen long-horizon tasks across three difficulty levels via one-shot imitation, achieving a 22.8% relative improvement over the SOTA. Additionally, real-robot experiments validate ManiLong-Shot's ability to robustly execute three long-horizon manipulation tasks via OSIL, confirming its practical applicability.

cs.RO

LISN: Language-Instructed Social Navigation with VLM-based Controller Modulating

Towards human-robot coexistence, socially aware navigation is significant for mobile robots. Yet existing studies on this area focus mainly on path efficiency and pedestrian collision avoidance, which are essential but represent only a fraction of social navigation. Beyond these basics, robots must also comply with user instructions, aligning their actions to task goals and social norms expressed by humans. In this work, we present LISN-Bench, the first simulation-based benchmark for language-instructed social navigation. Built on Rosnav-Arena 3.0, it is the first standardized social navigation benchmark to incorporate instruction following and scene understanding across diverse contexts. To address this task, we further propose Social-Nav-Modulator, a fast-slow hierarchical system where a VLM agent modulates costmaps and controller parameters. Decoupling low-level action generation from the slower VLM loop reduces reliance on high-frequency VLM inference while improving dynamic avoidance and perception adaptability. Our method achieves an average success rate of 91.3%, which is greater than 63% than the most competitive baseline, with most of the improvements observed in challenging tasks such as following a person in a crowd and navigating while strictly avoiding instruction-forbidden regions. The project website is at: https://social-nav.github.io/LISN-project/

cs.RO

ShapeForce: Low-Cost Soft Robotic Wrist for Contact-Rich Manipulation

Contact feedback is essential for contact-rich robotic manipulation, as it allows the robot to detect subtle interaction changes and adjust its actions accordingly. Six-axis force-torque sensors are commonly used to obtain contact feedback, but their high cost and fragility have discouraged many researchers from adopting them in contact-rich tasks. To offer a more cost-efficient and easy-accessible source of contact feedback, we present ShapeForce, a low-cost, plug-and-play soft wrist that provides force-like signals for contact-rich robotic manipulation. Inspired by how humans rely on relative force changes in contact rather than precise force magnitudes, ShapeForce converts external force and torque into measurable deformations of its compliant core, which are then estimated via marker-based pose tracking and converted into force-like signals. Our design eliminates the need for calibration or specialized electronics to obtain exact values, and instead focuses on capturing force and torque changes sufficient for enabling contact-rich manipulation. Extensive experiments across diverse contact-rich tasks and manipulation policies demonstrate that ShapeForce delivers performance comparable to six-axis force-torque sensors at an extremely low cost.

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AdaptPNP: Integrating Prehensile and Non-Prehensile Skills for Adaptive Robotic Manipulation

Non-prehensile (NP) manipulation, in which robots alter object states without forming stable grasps (for example, pushing, poking, or sliding), significantly broadens robotic manipulation capabilities when grasping is infeasible or insufficient. However, enabling a unified framework that generalizes across different tasks, objects, and environments while seamlessly integrating non-prehensile and prehensile (P) actions remains challenging: robots must determine when to invoke NP skills, select the appropriate primitive for each context, and compose P and NP strategies into robust, multi-step plans. We introduce ApaptPNP, a vision-language model (VLM)-empowered task and motion planning framework that systematically selects and combines P and NP skills to accomplish diverse manipulation objectives. Our approach leverages a VLM to interpret visual scene observations and textual task descriptions, generating a high-level plan skeleton that prescribes the sequence and coordination of P and NP actions. A digital-twin based object-centric intermediate layer predicts desired object poses, enabling proactive mental rehearsal of manipulation sequences. Finally, a control module synthesizes low-level robot commands, with continuous execution feedback enabling online task plan refinement and adaptive replanning through the VLM. We evaluate ApaptPNP across representative P&NP hybrid manipulation tasks in both simulation and real-world environments. These results underscore the potential of hybrid P&NP manipulation as a crucial step toward general-purpose, human-level robotic manipulation capabilities. Project Website: https://adaptpnp.github.io/

cs.RO

Manual2Skill++: Connector-Aware General Robotic Assembly from Instruction Manuals via Vision-Language Models

Assembly hinges on reliably forming connections between parts; yet most robotic approaches plan assembly sequences and part poses while treating connectors as an afterthought. Connections represent the foundational physical constraints of assembly execution; while task planning sequences operations, the precise establishment of these constraints ultimately determines assembly success. In this paper, we treat connections as explicit, primary entities in assembly representation, directly encoding connector types, specifications, and locations for every assembly step. Drawing inspiration from how humans learn assembly tasks through step-by-step instruction manuals, we present Manual2Skill++, a vision-language framework that automatically extracts structured connection information from assembly manuals. We encode assembly tasks as hierarchical graphs where nodes represent parts and sub-assemblies, and edges explicitly model connection relationships between components. A large-scale vision-language model parses symbolic diagrams and annotations in manuals to instantiate these graphs, leveraging the rich connection knowledge embedded in human-designed instructions. We curate a dataset containing over 20 assembly tasks with diverse connector types to validate our representation extraction approach, and evaluate the complete task understanding-to-execution pipeline across four complex assembly scenarios in simulation, spanning furniture, toys, and manufacturing components with real-world correspondence. More detailed information can be found at https://nus-lins-lab.github.io/Manual2SkillPP/

cs.RO

T(R,O) Grasp: Efficient Graph Diffusion of Robot-Object Spatial Transformation for Cross-Embodiment Dexterous Grasping

Dexterous grasping remains a central challenge in robotics due to the complexity of its high-dimensional state and action space. We introduce T(R,O) Grasp, a diffusion-based framework that efficiently generates accurate and diverse grasps across multiple robotic hands. At its core is the T(R,O) Graph, a unified representation that models spatial transformations between robotic hands and objects while encoding their geometric properties. A graph diffusion model, coupled with an efficient inverse kinematics solver, supports both unconditioned and conditioned grasp synthesis. Extensive experiments on a diverse set of dexterous hands show that T(R,O) Grasp achieves average success rate of 94.83%, inference speed of 0.21s, and throughput of 41 grasps per second on an NVIDIA A100 40GB GPU, substantially outperforming existing baselines. In addition, our approach is robust and generalizable across embodiments while significantly reducing memory consumption. More importantly, the high inference speed enables closed-loop dexterous manipulation, underscoring the potential of T(R,O) Grasp to scale into a foundation model for dexterous grasping.

cs.RO

Goal-VLA: Image-Generative VLMs as Object-Centric World Models Empowering Zero-shot Robot Manipulation

Generalization remains a fundamental challenge in robotic manipulation. To tackle this challenge, recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models build policies on top of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), seeking to transfer their open-world semantic knowledge. However, their zero-shot capability lags significantly behind the base VLMs, as the instruction-vision-action data is too limited to cover diverse scenarios, tasks, and robot embodiments. In this work, we present Goal-VLA, a zero-shot framework that leverages Image-Generative VLMs as world models to generate desired goal states, from which the target object pose is derived to enable generalizable manipulation. The key insight is that object state representation is the golden interface, naturally separating a manipulation system into high-level and low-level policies. This representation abstracts away explicit action annotations, allowing the use of highly generalizable VLMs while simultaneously providing spatial cues for training-free low-level control. To further improve robustness, we introduce a Reflection-through-Synthesis process that iteratively validates and refines the generated goal image before execution. Both simulated and real-world experiments demonstrate that our \name achieves strong performance and inspiring generalizability in manipulation tasks. Supplementary materials are available at https://nus-lins-lab.github.io/goalvlaweb/.

cs.RO

VLA-OS: Structuring and Dissecting Planning Representations and Paradigms in Vision-Language-Action Models

Recent studies on Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have shifted from the end-to-end action-generation paradigm toward a pipeline involving task planning followed by action generation, demonstrating improved performance on various complex, long-horizon manipulation tasks. However, existing approaches vary significantly in terms of network architectures, planning paradigms, representations, and training data sources, making it challenging for researchers to identify the precise sources of performance gains and components to be further improved. To systematically investigate the impacts of different planning paradigms and representations isolating from network architectures and training data, in this paper, we introduce VLA-OS, a unified VLA architecture series capable of various task planning paradigms, and design a comprehensive suite of controlled experiments across diverse object categories (rigid and deformable), visual modalities (2D and 3D), environments (simulation and real-world), and end-effectors (grippers and dexterous hands). Our results demonstrate that: 1) visually grounded planning representations are generally better than language planning representations; 2) the Hierarchical-VLA paradigm generally achieves superior or comparable performance than other paradigms on task performance, pretraining, generalization ability, scalability, and continual learning ability, albeit at the cost of slower training and inference speeds.

cs.CV