arXiv subjects

Liqun Qi

Publications and source records attributed to Liqun Qi.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

arXiv2020

A Polynomially Irreducible Functional Basis of Elasticity Tensors

Tensor function representation theory is an essential topic in both theoretical and applied mechanics. For the elasticity tensor, Olive, Kolev and Auffray (2017) proposed a minimal integrity basis of 297 isotropic invariants, which is also a functional basis. Inspired by Smith's and Zheng's works, we use a novel method in this article to seek a functional basis of the elasticity tensor, that contains less number of isotropic invariants. We achieve this goal by constructing 22 intermediate tensors consisting of 11 second order symmetrical tensors and 11 scalars via the irreducible decomposition of the elasticity tensor. Based on such intermediate tensors, we further generate 429 isotropic invariants which form a functional basis of the elasticity tensor. After eliminating all the invariants that are zeros or polynomials in the others, we finally obtain a functional basis of 251 isotropic invariants for the elasticity tensor.

math-ph↗

arXiv2020

Triple Decomposition and Tensor Recovery of Third Order Tensors

In this paper, we introduce a new tensor decomposition for third order tensors, which decomposes a third order tensor to three third order low rank tensors in a balanced way. We call such a decomposition the triple decomposition, and the corresponding rank the triple rank. For a third order tensor, its CP decomposition can be regarded as a special case of its triple decomposition. The triple rank of a third order tensor is not greater than the middle value of the Tucker rank, and is strictly less than the middle value of the Tucker rank for an essential class of examples. These indicate that practical data can be approximated by low rank triple decomposition as long as it can be approximated by low rank CP or Tucker decomposition. This theoretical discovery is confirmed numerically. Numerical tests show that third order tensor data from practical applications such as internet traffic and video image are of low triple ranks. A tensor recovery method based on low rank triple decomposition is proposed. Its convergence and convergence rate are established. Numerical experiments confirm the efficiency of this method.

math.NA↗

arXiv2019

T-Jordan Canonical Form and T-Drazin Inverse based on the T-Product

In this paper, we introduce the tensor similar transforation and propose the T-Jordan canonical form and its properties. The concept of T-minimal polynomial and T-characteristic polynomial are raised. As a special case, we present properties when two tensors commutes via the tensor T-product. The Cayley-Hamilton theorem also holds for tensor cases. Then we focus on the tensor decomposition theory. T-polar, T-LU, T-QR and T-Schur decomposition of tensors are obtained. When a F-square tensor is not invertible via the T-product, we give the T-group inverse and T-Drazin inverse which can be viewed as the extension of matrix cases. The expression of T-group and T-Drazin inverse are given by the T-Jordan canonical form. The polynomial form of T-Drazin inverse is also proposed. As an application we raise the T-linear system and get its solution. In the last part, we give the T-core-nilpotent decomposition and show that the T-index and T-Drazin inverse can be given by a limitation process.

math.NA↗

arXiv2019

Tensor Norm, Cubic Power and Gelfand Limit

We establish two inequalities for the nuclear norm and the spectral norm of tensor products. The first inequality indicates that the nuclear norm of the square matrix is a matrix norm. We extend the concept of matrix norm to tensor norm. We show that the $1$-norm, the Frobenius norm and the nuclear norm of tensors are tensor norms, but the infinity norm and the spectral norm of tensors are not tensor norms. We introduce the cubic power for a general third order tensor, and show that a Gelfand formula holds for a general third order tensor. In that formula, for any norm, a common spectral radius-like limit exists for that third order tensor. We call such a limit the Gelfand limit. The Gelfand limit is zero if the third order tensor is nilpotent, and is one or zero if the third order tensor is idempotent. The Gelfand limit is not greater than any tensor norm of that third order tensor, and the cubic power of that third order tensor tends to zero as the power increases to infinity if and only if the Gelfand limit is less than one. The cubic power and the Gelfand limit can be extended to any higher odd order tensors.

math.NA↗

arXiv2019

Generalized Tensor Function via the Tensor Singular Value Decomposition based on the T-Product

In this paper, we present the definition of generalized tensor function according to the tensor singular value decomposition (T-SVD) via the tensor T-product. Also, we introduce the compact singular value decomposition (T-CSVD) of tensors via the T-product, from which the projection operators and Moore Penrose inverse of tensors are also obtained. We also establish the Cauchy integral formula for tensors by using the partial isometry tensors and applied it into the solution of tensor equations. Then we establish the generalized tensor power and the Taylor expansion of tensors. Explicit generalized tensor functions are also listed. We define the tensor bilinear and sesquilinear forms and proposed theorems on structures preserved by generalized tensor functions. For complex tensors, we established an isomorphism between complex tensors and real tensors. In the last part of our paper, we find that the block circulant operator established an isomorphism between tensors and matrices. This isomorphism is used to prove the F-stochastic structure is invariant under generalized tensor functions. The concept of invariant tensor cones is also raised.

math.NA↗

arXiv2019

Biquadratic Tensors, Biquadratic Decomposition and Norms of Biquadratic Tensors

Biquadratic tensors play a central role in many areas of science. Examples include elasticity tensor and Eshelby tensor in solid mechanics, and Riemann curvature tensor in relativity theory. The singular values and spectral norm of a general third order tensor are the square roots of the M-eigenvalues and spectral norm of a biquadratic tensor. The tensor product operation is closed for biquadratic tensors. All of these motivate us to study biquadratic tensors, biquadratic decomposition and norms of biquadratic tensors. We show that the spectral norm and nuclear norm for a biquadratic tensor may be computed by using its biquadratic structure. Then, either the number of variables is reduced, or the feasible region can be reduced. We show constructively that for a biquadratic tensor, a biquadratic rank-one decomposition always exists, and show that the biquadratic rank of a biquadratic tensor is preserved under an independent biquadratic Tucker decomposition. We present a lower bound and an upper bound of the nuclear norm of a biquadratic tensor. Finally, we define invertible biquadratic tensors, and present a lower bound for the product of the nuclear norms of an invertible biquadratic tensor and its inverse, and a lower bound for the product of the nuclear norm of an invertible biquadratic tensor, and the spectral norm of its inverse.

math.NA↗

arXiv2019

Spectral Norm and Nuclear Norm of a Third Order Tensor

The spectral norm and the nuclear norm of a third order tensor play an important role in the tensor completion and recovery problem. We show that the spectral norm of a third order tensor is equal to the square root of the spectral norm of three positive semi-definite biquadratic tensors, and the square roots of the nuclear norms of those three positive semi-definite biquadratic tensors are lower bounds of the nuclear norm of that third order tensor. This provides a way to estimate and to evaluate the spectral norm and the nuclear norm of that third order tensor. Some upper and lower bounds for the spectral norm and nuclear norm of a third order tensor, by spectral radii and nuclear norms of some symmetric matrices, are presented.

math.NA↗

arXiv2019

Three Minimax Ideal Relations of Lie Algebras

In this paper, we introduce near perfect ideals and upper bounded ideals, and study them as well as perfect ideals for finite dimensional Lie algebras. We show that the largest perfect ideal and the largest near perfect ideal of a finite dimensional Lie algebra always exist, and are equal to the smallest ideal of the derived series, and the smallest ideal of the lower central series, respectively. We call them the perfect radical and the near perfect radical of that Lie algebra, respectively. A nonzero Lie algebra is solvable if and only if its perfect radical is zero. The factor algebra of a Lie algebra by its perfect radical is solvable. A nonzero Lie algebra is nilpotent if and only if its near perfect radical is zero. The factor algebra of a Lie algebra by its near perfect radical is nilpotent. We also show that the smallest upper bounded ideal always exists, and is equal to the largest ideal of the upper central series. For a nilpotent Lie algebra, there is only one upper bounded ideal, i.e., the nilpotent Lie algebra itself.

math.RA↗

arXiv2019

Nilpotent Decomposition of Solvable Lie Algebras

Semisimple Lie algebras have been completely classified by Cartan and Killing. The Levi theorem states that every finite dimensional Lie algebra is isomorphic to a semidirect sum of its largest solvable ideal and a semisimple Lie algebra. These focus the classification of solvable Lie algebras as one of the main challenges of Lie algebra research. One approach towards this task is to take a class of nilpotent Lie algebras and construct all extensions of these algebras to solvable ones. In this paper, we propose another approach, i.e., to decompose a solvable nonnilpotent Lie algebra to two nilpotent Lie algebras which are called the left and right nilpotent algebras of the solvable algebra. The right nilpotent algebra is the smallest ideal of the lower central series of the solvable algebra, while the left nilpotent algebra is the factor algebra of the solvable algebra and its right nilpotent algebra. We show that the solvable algebras are decomposable if its left nilpotent algebra is an Abelian algebra of dimension higher than one and its right algebra is an Abelian algebra of dimension one. We further show that all the solvable algebras are isomorphic if their left nilpotent algebras are Heisenberg algebras of fixed dimension and their right algebras are Abelian algebras of dimension one.

math.RA↗

arXiv2019

Analytical expressions of copositivity for 4th order symmetric tensors and applications

In particle physics, scalar potentials have to be bounded from below in order for the physics to make sense. The precise expressions of checking lower bound of scalar potentials are essential, which is an analytical expression of checking copositivity and positive definiteness of tensors given by such scalar potentials. Because the tensors given by general scalar potential are 4th order and symmetric, our work mainly focuses on finding precise expressions to test copositivity and positive definiteness of 4th order tensors in this paper. First of all, an analytically sufficient and necessary condition of positive definiteness is provided for 4th order 2 dimensional symmetric tensors. For 4th order 3 dimensional symmetric tensors, we give two analytically sufficient conditions of (strictly) cpositivity by using proof technique of reducing orders or dimensions of such a tensor. Furthermore, an analytically sufficient and necessary condition of copositivity is showed for 4th order 2 dimensional symmetric tensors. We also give several distinctly analytically sufficient conditions of (strict) copositivity for 4th order 2 dimensional symmetric tensors. Finally, we apply these results to check lower bound of scalar potentials, and to present analytical vacuum stability conditions for potentials of two real scalar fields and the Higgs boson.

math.OC↗

arXiv2019

Generating Hypergraphs, Decomposability and Classification of Two-Step Nilpotent Lie Algebras

In 1973, Gauger proposed a generator-relation method and a duality theory for two-step nilpotent Lie algebras. Based upon these, he classified two-step nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension $8$. In 1999, Galitski and Timashev continued this approach to classify two-step nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension $9$. Their results were partially improved by Ren and Zhu in 2011, Yan and Deng in 2013. Some decomposable two-step nilpotent Lie algebras were excluded in the case of dimension $8$. In this paper, we define generating hypergraph for a two-step nilpotent Lie algebra. The two-step nilpotent Lie algebra is decomposable if and only if its generating hypergraph is not connected under certain bases. Using this result, we identify some decomposable two-step nilpotent Lie algebras in dimension $9$. We give a direct proof that the five two-step nilpotent Lie algebras for dimension $8$, classified by Ren and Zhu in 2011, are all indecomposable. We also introduce a conventional nomenclature for two-step nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension $n = 8, 9$, classified by Ren, Zhu, Yan and Deng, etc.

math.RA↗

arXiv2019

Elasticity $\mathscr{M}$-tensors and the Strong Ellipticity Condition

In this paper, we establish two sufficient conditions for the strong ellipticity of any fourth-order elasticity tensor and investigate a class of tensors satisfying the strong ellipticity condition, the elasticity $\mathscr{M}$-tensor. The first sufficient condition is that the strong ellipticity holds if the unfolding matrix of this fourth-order elasticity tensor can be modified into a positive definite one by preserving the summations of some corresponding entries. Second, an alternating projection algorithm is proposed to verify whether an elasticity tensor satisfies the first condition or not. Besides, the elasticity $\mathscr{M}$-tensor is defined with respect to the M-eigenvalues of elasticity tensors. We prove that any nonsingular elasticity $\mathscr{M}$-tensor satisfies the strong ellipticity condition by employing a Perron-Frobenius-type theorem for M-spectral radii of nonnegative elasticity tensors. Other equivalent definitions of nonsingular elasticity $\mathscr{M}$-tensors are also established.

math-ph↗

arXiv2018

Further study on tensor absolute value equations

In this paper, we consider the {\it tensor absolute value equations} (TAVEs), which is a newly introduced problem in the context of multilinear systems. Although the system of TAVEs is an interesting generalization of matrix {\it absolute value equations} (AVEs), the well-developed theory and algorithms for AVEs are not directly applicable to TAVEs due to the nonlinearity (or multilinearity) of the problem under consideration. Therefore, we first study the solutions existence of some classes of TAVEs with the help of degree theory, in addition to showing, by fixed point theory, that the system of TAVEs has at least one solution under some checkable conditions. Then, we give a bound of solutions of TAVEs for some special cases. To find a solution to TAVEs, we employ the generalized Newton method and report some preliminary results.

math.OC↗

arXiv2018

A New Class of Positive Semi-definite Tensors

In this paper, a new class of positive semi-definite tensors, the MO tensor, is introduced. It is inspired by the structure of Moler matrix, a class of test matrices. Then we focus on two special cases in the MO-tensors: Sup-MO tensor and essential MO tensor. They are proved to be positive definite tensors. Especially, the smallest H-eigenvalue of a Sup-MO tensor is positive and tends to zero as the dimension tends to infinity, and an essential MO tensor is also a completely positive tensor.

math.SP↗

arXiv2018

Two Irreducible Functional Bases of Isotropic Invariants of A Fourth Order Three-Dimensional Symmetric and Traceless Tensor

The elasticity tensor is one of the most important fourth order tensors in mechanics. Fourth order three-dimensional symmetric and traceless tensors play a crucial role in the study of the elasticity tensors. In this paper, we present two isotropic irreducible functional bases of a fourth order three-dimensional symmetric and traceless tensor. One of them is the minimal integrity basis introduced by Smith and Bao in 1997. It has nine homogeneous polynomial invariants of degrees two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten, respectively. We prove that it is also an irreducible functional basis. The second irreducible functional basis also has nine homogeneous polynomial invariants. It has no quartic invariant but has two sextic invariants. The other seven invariants are the same as those of the Smith-Bao basis. Hence, the second irreducible functional basis is not contained in any minimal integrity basis.

math-ph↗

arXiv2018

M-eigenvalues of The Riemann Curvature Tensor

The Riemann curvature tensor is a central mathematical tool in Einstein's theory of general relativity. Its related eigenproblem plays an important role in mathematics and physics. We extend M-eigenvalues for the elasticity tensor to the Riemann curvature tensor. The definition of M-eigenproblem of the Riemann curvature tensor is introduced from the minimization of an associated function. The M-eigenvalues of the Riemann curvature tensor always exist and are real. They are invariants of the Riemann curvature tensor. The associated function of the Riemann curvature tensor is always positive at a point if and only if the M-eigenvalues of the Riemann curvature tensor are all positive at that point. We investigate the M-eigenvalues for the simple cases, such as the 2D case, the 3D case, the constant curvature and the Schwarzschild solution, and all the calculated M-eigenvalues are related to the curvature invariants.

math.DG↗

arXiv2018

Irreducible Function Bases of Isotropic Invariants of A Third Order Three-Dimensional Symmetric and Traceless Tensor

Third order three-dimensional symmetric and traceless tensors play an important role in physics and tensor representation theory. A minimal integrity basis of a third order three-dimensional symmetric and traceless tensor has four invariants with degrees two, four, six and ten respectively. In this paper, we show that any minimal integrity basis of a third order three-dimensional symmetric and traceless tensor is also an irreducible function basis of that tensor, and there is no polynomial syzygy relation among the four invariants of that basis, i.e., these four invariants are algebraically independent.

math-ph↗

arXiv2018

Gradient Dynamic Approach to the Tensor Complementarity Problem

Nonlinear gradient dynamic approach for solving the tensor complementarity problem (TCP) is presented. Theoretical analysis shows that each of the defined dynamical system models ensures the convergence performance. The computer simulation results further substantiate that the considered dynamical system can solve the tensor complementarity problem (TCP).

math.NA↗