arXiv subjects

Loïc Chaumont

Publications and source records attributed to Loïc Chaumont.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2014

Shifting processes with cyclically exchangeable increments at random

We propose a path transformation which applied to a cyclically exchangeable increment process conditions its minimum to belong to a given interval. This path transformation is then applied to processes with start and end at zero. It is seen that, under simple conditions, the weak limit as epsilon tends to zero of the process conditioned on remaining above minus epsilon exists and has the law of the Vervaat transformation of the process. We examine the consequences of this path transformation on processes with exchangeable increments, Lévy bridges, and the Brownian bridge.

math.PR↗

arXiv2014

Coding multitype branching forests: application to the law of the total progeny of branching forest and to enumerations

By extending the breadth first search algorithm to any d-type critical or subcritical irreducible branching forest, we show that such forests may be encoded through d independent, integer valued, d-dimensional random walks. An application of this coding together with a multivariate extension of the Ballot Theorem which is proved here, allow us to give an explicit form of the law of the total progeny, jointly with the number of subtrees of each type, in terms of the offspring distribution of the branching process. We then apply these results to some enumeration formulas of multitype forests with given degrees and to a new proof of the Lagrange-Good inversion Theorem.

math.PR↗

arXiv2013

The Lamperti representation of real-valued self-similar Markov processes

In this paper, we obtain a Lamperti type representation for real-valued self-similar Markov processes, killed at their hitting time of zero. Namely, we represent real-valued self-similar Markov processes as time changed multiplicative invariant processes. Doing so, we complete Kiu's work [Stochastic Process. Appl. 10 (1980) 183-191], following some ideas in Chybiryakov [Stochastic Process. Appl. 116 (2006) 857-872] in order to characterize the underlying processes in this representation. We provide some examples where the characteristics of the underlying processes can be computed explicitly.

math.PR↗

arXiv2013

Exponentiality of first passage times of continuous time Markov chains

Let $(X,\p_x)$ be a continuous time Markov chain with finite or countable state space $S$ and let $T$ be its first passage time in a subset $D$ of $S$. It is well known that if $μ$ is a quasi-stationary distribution relatively to $T$, then this time is exponentially distributed under $\p_μ$. However, quasi-stationarity is not a necessary condition. In this paper, we determine more general conditions on an initial distribution $μ$ for $T$ to be exponentially distributed under $\p_μ$. We show in addition how quasi-stationary distributions can be expressed in terms of any initial law which makes the distribution of $T$ exponential. We also study two examples in branching processes where exponentiality does imply quasi-stationarity.

math.PR↗

arXiv2013

The asymptotic behavior of the density of the supremum of Lévy processes

Let us consider a real Lévy process X whose transition probabilities are absolutely continuous and have bounded densities. Then the law of the past supremum of X before any deterministic time t is absolutely continuous on (0,\infty). We show that its density f_t(x) is continuous on (0,\infty) if and only if the potential density h' of the upward ladder height process is continuous on (0,\infty). Then we prove that f_t behaves at 0 as h'. We also describe the asymptotic behaviour of f_t, when t tends to infinity. Then some related results are obtained for the density of the meander and this of the entrance law of the Lévy process conditioned to stay positive.

math.PR↗

arXiv2013

Timing of Pathogen Adaptation to a Multicomponent Treatment

The sustainable use of multicomponent treatments such as combination therapies, combination vaccines/chemicals, and plants carrying multigenic resistance requires an understanding of how their population-wide deployment affects the speed of the pathogen adaptation. Here, we develop a stochastic model describing the emergence of a mutant pathogen and its dynamics in a heterogeneous host population split into various types by the management strategy. Based on a multi-type Markov birth and death process, the model can be used to provide a basic understanding of how the life-cycle parameters of the pathogen population, and the controllable parameters of a management strategy affect the speed at which a pathogen adapts to a multicomponent treatment. Our results reveal the importance of coupling stochastic mutation and migration processes, and illustrate how their stochasticity can alter our view of the principles of managing pathogen adaptive dynamics at the population level. In particular, we identify the growth and migration rates that allow pathogens to adapt to a multicomponent treatment even if it is deployed on only small proportions of the host. In contrast to the accepted view, our model suggests that treatment durability should not systematically be identified with mutation cost. We show also that associating a multicomponent treatment with defeated monocomponent treatments can be more durable than associating it with intermediate treatments including only some of the components. We conclude that the explicit modelling of stochastic processes underlying evolutionary dynamics could help to elucidate the principles of the sustainable use of multicomponent treatments in population-wide management strategies intended to impede the evolution of harmful populations.

q-bio.PE↗

arXiv2013

On the law of the supremum of Lévy processes

We show that the law of the overall supremum $\bar{X}_t=\sup_{s\le t}X_s$ of a Lévy process $X$ before the deterministic time $t$ is equivalent to the average occupation measure $μ_t(dx)=\int_0^t\p(X_s\in dx)\,ds$, whenever 0 is regular for both open halflines $(-\infty,0)$ and $(0,\infty)$. In this case, $\p(\bar{X}_t\in dx)$ is absolutely continuous for some (and hence for all) $t>0$, if and only if the resolvent measure of $X$ is absolutely continuous. We also study the cases where 0 is not regular for one of the halflines $(-\infty,0)$ or $(0,\infty)$. Then we give absolute continuity criterions for the laws of $(\bar{X}_t,X_t)$, $(g_t,\bar{X}_t)$ and $(g_t,\bar{X}_t,X_t)$, where $g_t$ is the time at which the supremum occurs before $t$. The proofs of these results use an expression of the joint law $\p(g_t\in ds,X_t\in dx,\bar{X}_t\in dy)$ in terms of the entrance law of the excursion measure of the reflected process at the supremum and that of the reflected process at the infimum. As an application, this law is made (partly) explicit in some particular instances.

math.PR↗

arXiv2012

Fluctuation theory and exit systems for positive self-similar Markov processes

For a positive self-similar Markov process, X, we construct a local time for the random set, $Θ$, of times where the process reaches its past supremum. Using this local time we describe an exit system for the excursions of X out of its past supremum. Next, we define and study the ladder process (R,H) associated to a positive self-similar Markov process X, namely a bivariate Markov process with a scaling property whose coordinates are the right inverse of the local time of the random set $Θ$ and the process X sampled on the local time scale. The process (R,H) is described in terms of a ladder process linked to the Lévy process associated to X via Lamperti's transformation. In the case where X never hits 0, and the upward ladder height process is not arithmetic and has finite mean, we prove the finite-dimensional convergence of (R,H) as the starting point of X tends to 0. Finally, we use these results to provide an alternative proof to the weak convergence of X as the starting point tends to 0. Our approach allows us to address two issues that remained open in Caballero and Chaumont [Ann. Probab. 34 (2006) 1012-1034], namely, how to remove a redundant hypothesis and how to provide a formula for the entrance law of X in the case where the underlying Lévy process oscillates.

math.PR↗

arXiv2012

An invariance principle for random walk bridges conditioned to stay positive

We prove an invariance principle for the bridge of a random walk conditioned to stay positive, when the random walk is in the domain of attraction of a stable law, both in the discrete and in the absolutely continuous setting. This includes as a special case the convergence under diffusive rescaling of random walk excursions toward the normalized Brownian excursion, for zero mean, finite variance random walks. The proof exploits a suitable absolute continuity relation together with some local asymptotic estimates for random walks conditioned to stay positive, recently obtained by Vatutin and Wachtel [38] and Doney [21]. We review and extend these relations to the absolutely continuous setting.

math.PR↗

arXiv2011

Markovian bridges: Weak continuity and pathwise constructions

A Markovian bridge is a probability measure taken from a disintegration of the law of an initial part of the path of a Markov process given its terminal value. As such, Markovian bridges admit a natural parameterization in terms of the state space of the process. In the context of Feller processes with continuous transition densities, we construct by weak convergence considerations the only versions of Markovian bridges which are weakly continuous with respect to their parameter. We use this weakly continuous construction to provide an extension of the strong Markov property in which the flow of time is reversed. In the context of self-similar Feller process, the last result is shown to be useful in the construction of Markovian bridges out of the trajectories of the original process.

math.PR↗

arXiv2009

Invariance principles for local times at the supremum of random walks and Lévy processes

We prove that when a sequence of Lévy processes $X^{(n)}$ or a normed sequence of random walks $S^{(n)}$ converges a.s. on the Skorokhod space toward a Lévy process $X$, the sequence $L^{(n)}$ of local times at the supremum of $X^{(n)}$ converges uniformly on compact sets in probability toward the local time at the supremum of $X$. A consequence of this result is that the sequence of (quadrivariate) ladder processes (both ascending and descending) converges jointly in law towards the ladder processes of $X$. As an application, we show that in general, the sequence $S^{(n)}$ conditioned to stay positive converges weakly, jointly with its local time at the future minimum, towards the corresponding functional for the limiting process $X$. From this we deduce an invariance principle for the meander which extends known results for the case of attraction to a stable law.

math.PR↗

arXiv2008

Reflection principle and Ocone martingales

Let $M =(M_t)_{t\geq 0}$ be any continuous real-valued stochastic process. We prove that if there exists a sequence $(a_n)_{n\geq 1}$ of real numbers which converges to 0 and such that $M$ satisfies the reflection property at all levels $a_n$ and $2a_n$ with $n\geq 1$, then $M$ is an Ocone local martingale with respect to its natural filtration. We state the subsequent open question: is this result still true when the property only holds at levels $a_n$? Then we prove that the later question is equivalent to the fact that for Brownian motion, the $σ$-field of the invariant events by all reflections at levels $a_n$, $n\ge1$ is trivial. We establish similar results for skip free $\mathbb{Z}$-valued processes and use them for the proof in continuous time, via a discretisation in space.

math.PR↗

arXiv2008

Invariance principles for random walks conditioned to stay positive

Let $\{S_n\}$ be a random walk in the domain of attraction of a stable law $\mathcal{Y}$, i.e. there exists a sequence of positive real numbers $(a_n)$ such that $S_n/a_n$ converges in law to $\mathcal{Y}$. Our main result is that the rescaled process $(S_{\lfloor nt\rfloor}/a_n, t\ge 0)$, when conditioned to stay positive, converges in law (in the functional sense) towards the corresponding stable Lévy process conditioned to stay positive. Under some additional assumptions, we also prove a related invariance principle for the random walk killed at its first entrance in the negative half-line and conditioned to die at zero.

math.PR↗

arXiv2006

Conditioned stable Lévy processes and Lamperti representation

By killing a stable Lévy process when it leaves the positive half-line, or by conditioning it to stay positive, or by conditioning it to hit 0 continuously, we obtain three different positive self-similar Markov processes which illustrate the three classes described by Lamperti \cite{La}. For each of these processes, we compute explicitly the infinitesimal generator from which we deduce the characteristics of the underlying Lévy process in the Lamperti representation. The proof of this result bears on the behaviour at time 0 of stable Lévy processes before their first passage time across level 0 which we describe here. As an application, we give the law of the minimum before an independent exponential time of a certain class of Lévy processes. It provides the explicit form of the spacial Wiener-Hopf factor at a particular point and the value of the ruin probability for this class of Lévy processes.

math.PR↗

arXiv2006

On some transformations between positive self--similar Markov processes

A path decomposition at the infimum for positive self-similar Markov processes (pssMp) is obtained. Next, several aspects of the conditioning to hit 0 of a pssMp are studied. Associated to a given a pssMp $X,$ that never hits 0, we construct a pssMp $X^{\downarrow}$ that hits 0 in a finite time. The latter can be viewed as $X$ conditioned to hit 0 in a finite time and we prove that this conditioning is determined by the pre-minimum part of $X.$ Finally, we provide a method for conditioning a pssMp that hits 0 by a jump to do it continuously.

math.PR↗

arXiv2006

The lower envelope of positive self-similar Markov processes

We establish integral tests and laws of the iterated logarithm for the lower envelope of positive self-similar Markov processes at 0 and $+\infty$. Our proofs are based on the Lamperti representation and time reversal arguments. These results extend laws of the iterated logarithm for Bessel processes due to Dvoretsky and Erdös, Motoo and Rivero.

math.PR↗

arXiv2005

On Lévy processes conditioned to stay positive

We construct the law of Lévy processes conditioned to stay positive under general hypotheses. We obtain a Williams type path decomposition at the minimum of these processes. This result is then applied to prove the weak convergence of the law of Lévy processes conditioned to stay positive as their initial state tends to 0. We describe an absolute continuity relationship between the limit law and the measure of the excursions away from 0 of the underlying Lévy process reflected at its minimum. Then, when the Lévy process creeps upwards, we study the lower tail at 0 of the law of the height this excursion.

math.PR↗