arXiv subjects

Louis Milliken

Publications and source records attributed to Louis Milliken.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Q2D-Web: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Retrieval in Agentic RAG Systems

Evaluating first-stage retrievers in large-scale production RAG requires a benchmark that pairs a large-scale corpus with a large set of agent-reformulated search queries based on real user queries and their conversation threads, and that labels many relevant documents per query. No existing public benchmark evaluates this setting: large-scale collections typically provide only a small number of evaluation queries, whereas benchmarks with many queries generally contain only millions of documents. Moreover, most benchmarks assess human-written queries, while the first-stage retrievers in agentic RAG pipelines serve machine-written reformulations whose distribution differs from human search behavior. To overcome these evaluation gaps, we introduce Q2D-Web (Query2Doc-Web), a large-scale agentic retrieval benchmark consisting of a 190M-document web corpus and 70k agentic search queries in ten languages, reformulated from real-world user queries in production systems. Q2D-Web provides three sets of fixed relevance judgments: agent citations, production rankings, and a combined set that unions both signals and adds LLM-based judgments of unlabeled pooled documents to reduce false negatives. We benchmark 13 retrievers including lexical, dense, and late-interaction models and find that their relative ordering is largely insensitive to the choice of judgment set, while diverging substantially across topical domains, query languages, and query types. To enable fast evaluation, we also study subcorpus sampling as an approximation to full-corpus evaluations. Retaining a third of the corpus, selected by reciprocal rank fusion over pooled retriever runs, preserves the full-corpus model ranking under the combined judgments while raising absolute Recall@1000 only by 3 to 7 points. The public leaderboard is accessible under: https://huggingface.co/spaces/perplexity-ai/q2d-web-leaderboard

cs.IR↗

arXiv2026

Diffusion-Pretrained Dense and Contextual Embeddings

In this report, we introduce pplx-embed, a family of multilingual embedding models that employ multi-stage contrastive learning on a diffusion-pretrained language model backbone for web-scale retrieval. By leveraging bidirectional attention through diffusion-based pretraining, our models capture comprehensive bidirectional context within passages, enabling the use of mean pooling and a late chunking strategy to better preserve global context across long documents. We release two model types: pplx-embed-v1 for standard retrieval, and pplx-embed-context-v1 for contextualized embeddings that incorporate global document context into passage representations. pplx-embed-v1 achieves competitive performance on the MTEB(Multilingual, v2), MTEB(Code), MIRACL, BERGEN, and ToolRet retrieval benchmarks, while pplx-embed-context-v1 sets new records on the ConTEB benchmark. Beyond public benchmarks, pplx-embed-v1 demonstrates strong performance on our internal evaluation suite, focusing on real-world, large-scale search scenarios constructed from 1B production web pages. These results validate the models' effectiveness in production environments where retrieval quality and efficiency are critical at scale.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

Beyond pip install: Evaluating LLM Agents for the Automated Installation of Python Projects

Many works have recently proposed the use of Large Language Model (LLM) based agents for performing `repository level' tasks, loosely defined as a set of tasks whose scopes are greater than a single file. This has led to speculation that the orchestration of these repository-level tasks could lead to software engineering agents capable of performing almost independently of human intervention. However, of the suite of tasks that would need to be performed by this autonomous software engineering agent, we argue that one important task is missing, which is to fulfil project level dependency by installing other repositories. To investigate the feasibility of this repository level installation task, we introduce a benchmark of of repository installation tasks curated from 40 open source Python projects, which includes a ground truth installation process for each target repository. Further, we propose Installamatic, an agent which aims to perform and verify the installation of a given repository by searching for relevant instructions from documentation in the repository. Empirical experiments reveal that that 55% of the studied repositories can be automatically installed by our agent at least one out of ten times. Through further analysis, we identify the common causes for our agent's inability to install a repository, discuss the challenges faced in the design and implementation of such an agent and consider the implications that such an agent could have for developers.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2024

Identifying Inaccurate Descriptions in LLM-generated Code Comments via Test Execution

Software comments are critical for human understanding of software, and as such many comment generation techniques have been proposed. However, we find that a systematic evaluation of the factual accuracy of generated comments is rare; only subjective accuracy labels have been given. Evaluating comments generated by three Large Language Models (LLMs), we find that even for the best-performing LLM, roughly a fifth of its comments contained demonstrably inaccurate statements. While it seems code-comment consistency detection techniques should be able to detect inaccurate comments, we perform experiments demonstrating they have no statistically significant relationship with comment accuracy, underscoring the substantial difficulty of this problem. To tackle this, we propose the concept of document testing, in which a document is verified by using an LLM to generate tests based on the document, running those tests, and observing whether they pass or fail. Furthermore, we implement our concept to verify Java comments. Experiments demonstrate that our approach has a robust statistical relationship with comment accuracy, making headway into a problem where prior techniques failed. Qualitative evaluation also reveals the promise of our approach in gaining developer trust, while highlighting the limitations of our current implementation.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2023

Jina Embeddings: A Novel Set of High-Performance Sentence Embedding Models

Jina Embeddings constitutes a set of high-performance sentence embedding models adept at translating textual inputs into numerical representations, capturing the semantics of the text. These models excel in applications like dense retrieval and semantic textual similarity. This paper details the development of Jina Embeddings, starting with the creation of high-quality pairwise and triplet datasets. It underlines the crucial role of data cleaning in dataset preparation, offers in-depth insights into the model training process, and concludes with a comprehensive performance evaluation using the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB). Furthermore, to increase the model's awareness of grammatical negation, we construct a novel training and evaluation dataset of negated and non-negated statements, which we make publicly available to the community.

cs.CL↗